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How did mandeleev overcome the problem of undiscovered elements?
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How were the early periodic tables arranged?
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By proton number
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By Atomic weight
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How is the modern periodic table ordered?
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Atomic weight
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Proton number
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Elements in the same group have the same number of...
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Characteristics of group 1:
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Low density
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High density
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React with non metals to form ionic compounds and carry a +1 charge
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React with non metals to form covalent compounds and carry a +1 charge
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React with water to release hydrogen
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form hydroxides that dissolves in water to give alkaline solutions
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The further up the group 1 the more reactive and lower its melting poit
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Characteristics of transition elements compared with group1:
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higher melting points
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lower melting points
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stronger and harder
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Much less reactive
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Much more reactive
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Transition metals are useful catalysts
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What are group 7 elements known as?
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Alkalis
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Acids
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Gases
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Halogens
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The further down group 7 the less reactive and the higher melting point.
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A more reactive halogen can displace a less reactive halogen from an..
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The more energy levels an element has the less reactive it is
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Hard water can contain..
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Which type of water form a lather readily?
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There are two types of hard water temporary hard water and permanent hard water
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Scum is formed by the decomposition of Hydrogencarbonate ions in temporary hard water
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What are two ways that hardness can be removed?
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What are two things that water should have low levels of?
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Water
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Calcium
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Microbes
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Dissolved salts
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Pure water can be produced by distillation
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What do water filters contain to remove some dissolved substances from water?
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Silver, carbon and ion exchange resin
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Gold, carbon and ion exchange resin
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Chlorine is added to water to increase microbes and flourine isn't added to improve dental health
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How is energy released from substances measured?
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Calorimetry
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Titration
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Electrolysis
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Why in a chemical reaction should the reagents be mixed in an insulated container?
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So less energy escapes to the surroundings
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So it wont burn the person
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so none of the substance leaks out
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During a reaction energy is needed to make bonds and energy is released when breaking bonds
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Three things to do when drawing an energy diagram:
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In an exothermic reaction more energy is released to make bonds than break them
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Catalysts higher the activation energy
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Tick the 4 true facts:
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Lithium has a crimson flame
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Lithium has a lilac flame
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Potassium has a lilac flame
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Barium has a blue flame
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Barium has a green flame
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sodium has a yellow flame
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sodium has an orange flame
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Aluminium, calcium and magnesium ions form white precipitates
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What colour precipitate does copper form?
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What colour precipitate does iron (lll) ions form?
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What colour precipitate does iron(ll) ions give?
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Carbonates react with dilute acid to form carbon dioxide
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Halide ions can be tested by adding what and what then looking at the precipitates?
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Silver nitrate solution and dilute nitric acid
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Silver nitrate solution and hydrochloric acid
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silver nitrate solution and barium oxide
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To test sulphate ions add hydrochloric acid and barium chloride solution
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How can volumes of acid and alkali solutions that react with each other be measured?
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Titration
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Calorimetry
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Electrolysis scales
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What are the raw materials in the haber process?
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Nitrogen
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Hydrogen
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Iron
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Ammonia
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What is the temperature and pressure in the haber process?
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Ammonia is produced in the haber process
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Equilibrium is reached when the reactions occur at the same rate in each direction
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To increase the yield in a reaction that is exothermic in the forward direction what do you do?
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Increase the temperature
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Decrease the temperature
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What can you do to increase the yield when the forward reaction has more gaseous molecules?
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Increase the temperature
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Decrease the temperature
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We have to compromise temperature, pressure and rate of reaction in the haber process
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Which functional group is for alcohols?
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Which functional group is for esters?
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What is the functional group for acids?
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3 characteristics of alcohols:
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burn in air
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don't burn in air
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React with sodium to produce hydrogen
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React with sodium to produce carbon dioxide
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dissolve in water to form a neutral solution
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Oxidising ethanol makes ethanoic acid
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4 characteristics of carboxylic acids:
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dissolve in water to produce acidic solutions
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dissolve in water to produce alkali solutions
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dont ionise completely when dissolved in water so are weak acids
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ionise completely with water
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react with alcohols in the presence of an acid to produce esters
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react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide