28503096
Frage 1
Frage
All the chemical and physical processes by which the body breaks down and builds up molecules is ________.
Antworten
-
anabolism
-
catabolism
-
metabolism
-
photosynthesis
Frage 2
Frage
A special instrument to determine how much energy a food contains is called a ________.
Antworten
-
densitometer
-
barometer
-
kilometer
-
calorimeter
Frage 3
Frage
The process of making larger molecules from smaller ones is called ________.
Antworten
-
anabolism
-
catabolism
-
metabolism
-
photosynthesis
Frage 4
Frage
The process of breaking down large, complex molecules is ________.
Antworten
-
anabolism
-
catabolism
-
metabolism
-
photosynthesis
Frage 5
Frage
The primary metabolic by-product of alcohol oxidation is ________.
Antworten
-
pyruvate
-
glycogen
-
glucose
-
acetyl CoA
Frage 6
Frage
A catabolic process by which a larger molecule is broken down by the addition of water is ________.
Antworten
-
condensation
-
oxidation
-
hydrolysis
-
metabolism
Frage 7
Frage
Glycolysis is a biochemical pathway ________.
Antworten
-
that breaks down fats
-
that generates energy
-
that occurs in the nucleus
-
for synthesizing amino acids to form proteins
Frage 8
Frage
Glycolysis begins with ________ and ends with ________.
Antworten
-
amino acids; hormones
-
pyruvate; glucose
-
glucose; pyruvic acid
-
glucose; glycogen
Frage 9
Frage
________ mediate metabolic reactions
Antworten
-
Enzymes
-
Hormones
-
Fats
-
Carbohydrates
Frage 10
Frage
In the absence of ________ pyruvate is converted to ________.
Antworten
-
energy; fatty acids
-
glucose; acetyl CoA
-
oxygen; lactic acid
-
glycogen; glucose
Frage 11
Frage
During metabolism, glucose is degraded to CO2 and water. The carbon dioxide is produced in ________.
Antworten
-
the red blood cells
-
the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)
-
the electron transport chain
-
glycolysis
Frage 12
Frage
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) occurs in the ________ of the cell.
Antworten
-
membrane
-
adipose tissue
-
mitochondria
-
nucleus
Frage 13
Frage
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) reactions begin with ________.
Antworten
-
pyruvate
-
glycogen
-
glucose
-
acetyl CoA
Frage 14
Frage
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) activity decreases when ________ availability is limited.
Antworten
-
oxygen
-
oxaloacetate
-
fatty acid
-
urea
Frage 15
Frage
The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA ________.
Antworten
-
occurs in the cytosol
-
requires CO2
-
is irreversible
-
is an anaerobic reaction
Frage 16
Frage
An acetyl CoA molecule can be converted to ________.
Antworten
-
glucose
-
glycogen
-
fatty acids
-
lactic acid
Frage 17
Frage
The synthesis of fatty acids occurs in the ________ of the cell.
Antworten
-
membrane
-
nucleus
-
mitochondria
-
cytosol
Frage 18
Frage
The breakdown of fatty acids occurs in the ________ of the cell.
Antworten
-
membrane
-
nucleus
-
mitochondria
-
cytosol
Frage 19
Frage
________ shuttles fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria.
Antworten
-
ATP
-
Carnitine
-
Pyruvate
-
Acetyl CoA
Frage 20
Frage
Fatty acids have relatively few oxygen atoms compared with ________, which results in a greater ATP production.
Antworten
-
oxaloacetate
-
glucose
-
mitochondria
-
cytosol
Frage 21
Frage
The unique "side group" that remains after the amine group has been removed from a protein includes ________.
Antworten
-
ammonia
-
a carbon skeleton
-
acetyl CoA
-
glucose
Frage 22
Frage
A highly toxic compound released during the deamination of amino acids is ________.
Antworten
-
ketone
-
keto acid
-
ammonia
-
urea
Frage 23
Frage
The carbon skeleton of an amino acid can be converted to ________ to produce energy.
Antworten
-
glucose
-
acetyl CoA
-
glycerol
-
glycogen
Frage 24
Frage
Excess dietary protein is converted to ________.
Antworten
-
muscle
-
glycogen
-
triglycerides
-
glucose
Frage 25
Frage
After prolonged fasting, the brain adapts to using ________ to meet some of its fuel needs.
Antworten
-
glycerol
-
ketones
-
fatty acids
-
amino acids
Frage 26
Frage
Which alcohol metabolic pathway is utilized with high alcohol consumption?
Antworten
-
alcohol dehydrogenase
-
aldehyde dehydrogenase
-
ADH
-
MEOS
Frage 27
Frage
Which micronutrients are classified as water- or fat-soluble?
Antworten
-
trace minerals
-
major minerals
-
vitamins
-
all vitamins and minerals
Frage 28
Frage
Fat-soluble vitamins ________.
Antworten
-
are not stored in the body
-
can become toxic with overconsumption
-
are not found in foods
-
are macronutrients
Frage 29
Frage
An inorganic micronutrient that is required in the amount of 200mg per day is a ________.
Antworten
-
fat-soluble vitamin
-
major mineral
-
trace mineral
-
major vitamin
Frage 30
Frage
Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed ________.
Antworten
-
through the stomach lining
-
into the blood
-
poorly, so they must be consumed daily
-
into the lymph
Frage 31
Frage
Which of the following statements is correct?
Antworten
-
We absorb 100% of heme iron.
-
We absorb about 3-5% of heme iron.
-
We absorb about 25% of heme iron.
-
Non-heme iron is the only type that is absorbed.
Frage 32
Frage
Which of the following statements about the absorption of minerals is FALSE?
Antworten
-
Lactose increases the absorption of calcium.
-
Vitamin C increases the absorption of non-heme iron.
-
Dietary fat increases the absorption of vitamin A.
-
Oxalic acid increases the absorption of iron.
Frage 33
Frage
Research has suggested a link between adequate intakes of vitamin K and the prevention of ________.
Antworten
-
osteoporosis
-
diabetes
-
heart disease
-
obesity
Frage 34
Frage
Research has suggested a link between adequate intakes of vitamin C and the prevention of ________.
Antworten
-
the measles
-
cataracts
-
diabetes
-
beriberi
Frage 35
Frage
Which of these statements is FALSE?
Antworten
-
Calcium may protect against hypertension.
-
Magnesium may protect against sarcopenia.
-
Vitamin E may protect against obesity.
-
Vitamin D may protect against colon cancer.
Frage 36
Frage
Which statement is TRUE?
Antworten
-
Taking supplements is the best way to assure adequate vitamin and mineral intakes.
-
Whole foods are more healthful than their individual nutrients.
-
All adults need the same amount of micronutrients.
-
Each micronutrient has only one role in the body.
Frage 37
Frage
This protein accelerates the rate of chemical reactions but is not used up or changed during these reactions and is called a(n) ________.
Antworten
-
folate
-
enzyme
-
hormone
-
nucleic acid
Frage 38
Frage
A(n) ________ is activated when it is combined with a coenzyme.
Antworten
-
cell membrane
-
ATP
-
hormone
-
enzyme
Frage 39
Frage
The primary role of the B-vitamins is to ________.
Antworten
-
provide energy
-
regulate blood glucose
-
act as coenzymes
-
reduce cholesterol
Frage 40
Frage
Some B-vitamins when taken in excess can be ________.
Antworten
-
cleared by the kidney
-
toxic to the body
-
stored in the adipose tissue
-
excreted in the feces
Frage 41
Frage
Thiamin, niacin, and riboflavin work together in biochemical pathways that ________.
Antworten
-
synthesize body tissues and lean body mass
-
promote proper nutrient digestion and absorption
-
release energy from carbohydrate, fat, and protein
-
control fluid equilibrium and mineral balance
Frage 42
Frage
One of the first B-vitamin discovered was ________.
Antworten
-
thiamin
-
niacin
-
pyridoxine
-
cobalamin
Frage 43
Frage
A deficiency of thiamin that affects the cardiovascular, muscular, nervous, and gastrointestinal system is called ________.
Antworten
-
pellagra
-
scurvy
-
rickets
-
beriberi
Frage 44
Frage
People with the greatest risk of thiamin and riboflavin deficiency are ________.
Antworten
-
infants
-
adolescents
-
the elderly
-
pregnant women
Frage 45
Frage
The average American adult consumes ________ amounts of thiamin in their diets.
Antworten
-
toxic
-
adequate
-
deficient
-
negligible
Frage 46
Frage
Riboflavin is destroyed when exposed to ________.
Antworten
-
light
-
heat
-
moisture
-
air
Frage 47
Frage
Pellagra is a disease ________.
Antworten
-
that results from severe niacin deficiency
-
caused by thiamin deficiency
-
caused by riboflavin deficiency
-
characterized by low levels of thyroid hormone
Frage 48
Frage
________ is critical for amino acid metabolism.
Antworten
-
Riboflavin
-
Niacin
-
B6
-
B12
Frage 49
Frage
________ is a coenzyme for more than 100 enzymes.
Antworten
-
Thiamin
-
Niacin
-
B6
-
B12
Frage 50
Frage
Flushing of the face and skin can result from excess ________ supplementation.
Antworten
-
thiamin
-
niacin
-
B6
-
riboflavin
Frage 51
Frage
B6 is important for the metabolism of ________.
Antworten
-
cholesterol
-
folate
-
homocysteine
-
energy
Frage 52
Frage
An essential component of coenzyme A (CoA) is ________.
Antworten
-
biotin
-
choline
-
pantothenic acid
-
iodine
Frage 53
Frage
A protein in raw egg whites can bind to ________ and prevent its absorption.
Antworten
-
biotin
-
choline
-
pantothenic acid
-
iodine
Frage 54
Frage
A neurotransmitter that is involved in muscle movement and memory storage is ________.
Antworten
-
homocysteine
-
biotin
-
pyridoxine
-
acetylcholine
Frage 55
Frage
Although widely distributed in food, inadequate intake of ________ can lead to increased fat accumulation in the liver.
Antworten
-
biotin
-
choline
-
pantothenic acid
-
pyridoxine
Frage 56
Frage
This B-vitamin is a component of carboxylase enzymes, which serve as carbon dioxide carriers.
Antworten
-
biotin
-
choline
-
pantothenic acid
-
pyridoxine
Frage 57
Frage
A nutrient-dense source of thiamin is ________.
Antworten
-
pork
-
white flour
-
vegetables
-
fats
Frage 58
Frage
To protect ________ from destruction by sunlight, milk and milk products are packaged in paper and opaque plastic cartons.
Antworten
-
thiamin
-
riboflavin
-
niacin
-
iodine
Frage 59
Frage
A component of thyroid hormones, ________ is added to salt to combat deficiency in the United States.
Antworten
-
thiamin
-
riboflavin
-
niacin
-
iodine
Frage 60
Frage
The UL for ________ was determined by measuring elevated blood concentration and neurotoxicity levels.
Antworten
-
iodine
-
manganese
-
chromium
-
sulfur
Frage 61
Frage
Which of the following statements about vitamin B12 is TRUE?
Antworten
-
It is required for carbohydrate metabolism.
-
Whole grains are a good source of this nutrient.
-
It is part of an antioxidant enzyme system.
-
It is essential for the functioning of the nervous system.
Frage 62
Frage
When cells engage in catabolism, chemical energy is released.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 63
Frage
Glycolysis yields a net of four ATP that can be used as energy for the cell.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 64
Frage
Liver synthesis of urea increases as dietary protein intake increases.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 65
Frage
The conversion of dietary carbohydrate to body fat is less efficient than the conversion of dietary fat to body fat.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 66
Frage
During prolonged starvation, serum levels of free fatty acids increase sharply.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 67
Frage
Adenosine monophosphate ________.
Antworten
-
can be regenerated by adding two phosphate groups to ATP
-
is produced when one phosphate group is released from ATP
-
has one high-energy phosphate bond
-
is composed of one molecule of adenosine bonded to one phosphate group
Frage 68
Frage
In which of the following types of chemical reactions is a compound catabolized by the addition of a molecule of water?
Antworten
-
hydrolysis
-
dehydration synthesis
-
oxidation
-
phosphorylation
Frage 69
Frage
In the absence of oxygen, the pyruvate produced through glycolysis is converted to ________.
Antworten
-
lactate
-
acetyl CoA
-
oxaloacetate
-
NADH
Frage 70
Frage
Excessive ketones are produced when ________.
Antworten
-
people follow a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet
-
acetyl CoA is converted to glucose
-
oxaloacetate availability falls and TCA cycle activity decreases
-
All of the above can prompt the production of excessive ketones.
Frage 71
Frage
Amino acids are unique from other energy-yielding compounds in that ________.
Antworten
-
they cannot be converted to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
-
they contain nitrogen, which must be removed before the remaining compound can be used for energy
-
they contain ammonia, which the kidneys convert to urea and excrete from the body in urine
-
even when consumed to excess, they will not increase the synthesis of fatty acids
Frage 72
Frage
Of the approximately 160,000 kcal reserves in the body of a well-nourished 70-kg male, ________.
Antworten
-
triglycerides account for about 50%, and glycogen and protein each about 25%
-
about 85% is from triglycerides, and most of the remaining 15% is from protein
-
triglycerides, glycogen, and protein each account for about 33%
-
about 75% is from triglycerides, and most of the remaining 25% is from glycogen
Frage 73
Frage
Most lipogenesis ________.
Antworten
-
occurs when individuals consume an excess of glucogenic amino acids
-
occurs when acetyl CoA is converted into glycerol, which is in turn attached to fatty acid chains
-
occurs in liver cells
-
occurs in adipose cells
Frage 74
Frage
Glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol are ________
Antworten
-
coenzymes
-
cofactors
-
anabolic hormones
-
catabolic hormones
Frage 75
Frage
During short-term fasts, the body uses ________
Antworten
-
muscle and liver glycogen for glucose for red blood cells, brain cells, and other body cells
-
glucogenic amino acids to synthesize glucose
-
glycerol from adipose tissue to synthesize ketone bodies
-
amino acids from the breakdown of body proteins for gluconeogenesis
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