BioMed II Exam 2

A mature adult has around ____________ cells.

There are [blank_start]300[blank_end] different cell types in a normal human body, however, there are [blank_start]301[blank_end] different cell types in someone who has developed cancer.

Proliferation is used for:

On average, _________ cells die and replenish every second.

Which of these cell types have a "lifetime" longevity?

Match the method of cell death with its definition. [blank_start]Apoptosis[blank_end] --> The cell agrees to kill itself due to medium damage. [blank_start]Necrosis[blank_end] --> The cell is killed due to extreme damage. [blank_start]Senescence[blank_end] --> The cell agrees to stop replicating due to small damage.

In the word Apoptosis. "apo" means [blank_start]near[blank_end] and "ptosis" means [blank_start]drooping[blank_end].

Organize the differences between Necrosis and Apoptosis. Necrosis: - Death of [blank_start]Healthy[blank_end] Cells - [blank_start]Premature[blank_end] Death - [blank_start]Lots[blank_end] of chemicals and invading microbes - Very [blank_start]Fast[blank_end] death - [blank_start]"Kill and Spill"[blank_end] - [blank_start]Inflammation[blank_end] Response Apoptosis: - Death of [blank_start]Unhealthy[blank_end] Cells - [blank_start]Natural[blank_end] Death - [blank_start]Small amounts[blank_end] of chemicals and invading microbes - Very [blank_start]Slow[blank_end] Death - [blank_start]"Tag and Bag"[blank_end] - [blank_start]Minimal[blank_end] Response

Old and Damaged cells are replenished by what type of cells?

[blank_start]Stem[blank_end] cells are considered "Immortal". [blank_start]Progenitor[blank_end] cells are considered "Mortal". [blank_start]Mature[blank_end] Cells are "Terminal".

All tissues have stem cells.

Similarities between Stem cells and Tumor Cells include:

The most common cause of tumors are genetic changes in DNA.

[blank_start]Deletions and Duplications[blank_end] change the number of genes which results in excessive or dysfunctional production of proteins. [blank_start]Mutations[blank_end] result in a change in sequence and function and can be hereditary or acquired over time. [blank_start]Epigenetic changes[blank_end] happen when something latches onto the gene or DNA sequence changing the functionality

If someone does not have Cancer, they do not have any tumor causing mutations within their DNA.

Mutations can be Inherited or Acquired over time.

[blank_start]Malignant Tumors[blank_end] spread to other tissues while [blank_start]Benign Tumors[blank_end] remain within a specific connective tissue area.

The zodiac sign "Cancer" was named such based off of the fact that "Cancer" the disease resembled a crab.

What determines the difference between a Benign tumor and a Malignant tumor is the number and type of mutations.

Benign Tumors are completely harmless.

Problems that can be caused by benign tumors include:

Any abnormal mass is considered a tumor.

Moles always form before Adulthood.

What type of benign tumor is the most common to arise during adulthood?

What percentage of malignant tumors are inherited?

Some cancers are more inheritable than others.

Gene mutations can be acquired from:

The top 4 viral causes of cancer in order are: 1. [blank_start]Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)[blank_end]

Cells that replicate more are more at risk to form Cancer.

Put the steps of cell replication initiation in order: 1. [blank_start]Ligand[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Receptor[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Signaling Molecules[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]Cell Cycle Progression[blank_end] 5. [blank_start]Cell Replication[blank_end]

Excess production of which proteins result in excess cell proliferation?

Proto-oncogene stands for "Early Cancer Gene" because the normal version of this gene can be mutated into a cancer causing gene.

Increasing the amount of HER2 receptors in a cell increases the amount of signals being sent which then decreases the rate of cell proliferation.

When there is a small amount of DNA damage detected, which proteins are activated to inhibit the cell cycle progression?

When there is a small amount of DNA damage detected and the cell cycle is paused, which proteins start repairing the damaged DNA?

When a large amount of DNA damage is detected, which proteins are activated to induce apoptosis?

The most mutated gene in all cancers is:

The [blank_start]primary[blank_end] site is the origin of the tumor while the [blank_start]secondary[blank_end] site is where the tumor has traveled to.

Cancer cells travel through the [blank_start]blood[blank_end] or [blank_start]lymph[blank_end] vessels.

Metastasis relies on more [blank_start]replication[blank_end] and less [blank_start]apoptosis[blank_end] of cells.

The steps of Metastasis in order: 1. [blank_start]More Replication & Less Apoptosis[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Evasion[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Loss of Contact Inhibition[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]Angiogenesis[blank_end] 5. [blank_start]Emigration[blank_end] 6. [blank_start]Immigration[blank_end]

Cancer cells tend to invade tissues similar to their primary site tissues.

Match the 5 Major Types of Cancer with their definitions. [blank_start]Carcinomas[blank_end] --> Cancer of the Epithelial Cells [blank_start]Melanomas[blank_end] --> Cancer of Melanocytes [blank_start]Sarcomas[blank_end] --> Cancer of the Connective Tissues [blank_start]Myeloid Leukemia[blank_end] --> Cancer of Mast, Baso, Eosin, Neutro, or Monocytes [blank_start]Lymphoid Leukemia[blank_end] --> Cancer of the Lymphocytes

All of these can be symptoms of cancer EXCEPT

A Patient experiencing a tumor in the bone marrow may have symptoms such as...

Cancer is consistently considered the [blank_start]2nd[blank_end] most common cause of death in the US.

Tumors are detectable before they become a critical mass.

A biopsy is considered the "[blank_start]gold standard[blank_end]" for tumor diagnosis.

Tumor Detection Involves which of the following:

In Antineoplastic surgery, Combotherapy can involve a combination of [blank_start]Surgery[blank_end], [blank_start]Radiation[blank_end], and [blank_start]Chemotherapy[blank_end].

[blank_start]Surgery and Radiation[blank_end] are usually used in early stage cancers while [blank_start]Chemotherapy[blank_end] is used in advanced stage cancers.

Match the surgery type with its goal: [blank_start]Curative[blank_end] --> Removing all of the tumor to cure the patient [blank_start]Debulking[blank_end] --> Removing a large amount of the tumor to improve the prognosis of the cancer [blank_start]Palliative[blank_end] --> Removing some of the tumor to increase the comfort and quality of life for the patient

The general methods that chemotherapy uses to inhibit cellular replication and increase apoptosis include:

Two Chemotherapeutic Hormone inhibitors mentioned were [blank_start]Tamoxifen[blank_end] and [blank_start]Bicalutamide[blank_end].

Replicating Cells secrete [blank_start]VEGF[blank_end] to stimulate the growth of blood vessels towards them to deliver Oxygen and Glucose

An example of a medication that is a Monoclonal Antibody (MAB) targeting secreted molecules is:

An example of a medication that is a Monoclonal Antibody (MAB) targeting surface molecules is:

A medication that is an example of a chemotherapeutic kinase inhibitor is:

Which of these are Alkylating/Alkylating-like Agents?

Which of these are an Antimetabolite Drug?

Which of these are a Topoisomerase Inhibitor?

Which of these are Antimitoic Agents?

[blank_start]Primary[blank_end] Drug resistance is when Cancer is resistant to a drug before exposure. [blank_start]Acquired[blank_end] Drug resistance is when the Cancer becomes resistant over time after exposure.

Systematic chemotherapy administration involves:

Local chemotherapy administration methods mentioned include:

Drugs injected via I.V. cross BBB into the Central Nervous System.

Continuous Chemotherapy treatment is considered [blank_start]Rare[blank_end] while Noncontinuous treatment is [blank_start]More Common[blank_end].

Noncontinuous treatment consists of weeks of treatment and then a few days of no treatment for the healthy cells to recover.

Match the Chemotherapy response with its definition: [blank_start]Complete Response[blank_end] --> 100% disappearance after 1 month of treatment [blank_start]Partial Response[blank_end] --> 30% or greater decrease in tumor diameter along with no new disease [blank_start]Stable Disease[blank_end] --> Tumor has no change in size [blank_start]Progressive Disease[blank_end] --> 20% or greater increase in tumor size or Tumor has spread

The 1st FDA approved gene therapy mentioned was [blank_start]CAR-T[blank_end] therapy.

The Top 4 Modifiable Risk Factors for Cancer in Order are: 1. [blank_start]Cigarette Smoking[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Excess Weight[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Alcohol Intake[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]UV Exposure[blank_end]

Pro-inflammation promotes Cancer.