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Chapter 15

Beschreibung

biochem
Amy Arce
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Frage 1

Frage
The reactions of energy extraction and energy use are called
Antworten
  • metabolism or intermediary metabolism
  • metabolism or secondary metabolism
  • metabolism or globulary metabolism

Frage 2

Frage
Basic principles govern energy manipulations in all cells
Antworten
  • Molecules are degraded or synthesized stepwise in a series of reactions termed metabolic pathways.
  • ATP is the energy currency of life.
  • ATP can be formed by the reduction of carbon fuels.
  • Although many reactions occur inside a cell, there are a limited number of reaction types involving particular intermediates that are common to all metabolic pathways.
  • Metabolic pathways are highly regulated
  • Energy is required to power muscle contraction and cell movement, active transport, and biosynthesis.
  • Metabolism consists of energy yielding and energy requiring reaction

Frage 3

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Phototrops obtain energy by
Antworten
  • capturing sunlight
  • the oxidation of carbon fuels
  • the reduction of carbon fuels

Frage 4

Frage
Chemotrophs obtain energy through
Antworten
  • capturing sunlight
  • oxidation of carbon fuels
  • reduction of carbon fuels

Frage 5

Frage
Metabolic pathways can be divided into 3 types
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 6

Frage
Catabolic pathways
Antworten
  • combust carbon fuels to synthesize ATP
  • use ATP and reducing power to synthesize large biomolecules.

Frage 7

Frage
Anabolic pathways use
Antworten
  • ATP and reducing power to synthesize large biomolecules.
  • carbon fuels to synthesize ATP

Frage 8

Frage
Some pathways, called [blank_start]amphibolic[blank_end] pathways, can function anabolically or catabolically.
Antworten
  • amphibolic
  • amphillic

Frage 9

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Although anabolic and catabolic pathways may have reactions in common, the regulated, irreversible reactions are always distinct.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 10

Frage
Glucose is metabolized to pyruvate in 10 linked reactions. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is
Antworten
  • is metabolized to lactate and, under aerobic conditions, to acetyl CoA.
  • is metabolized to lactate and, under aerobic conditions, to acetyl Cox.

Frage 11

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The glucose-derived carbons of acetyl CoA are subsequently [blank_start]oxidized[blank_end] to CO2.
Antworten
  • oxidized
  • reduced

Frage 12

Frage
Energy derived from fuels or light is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cellular energy currency.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 13

Frage
ATP hydrolysis is
Antworten
  • exergonic because the triphosphate unit contains two phosphoanhydride bonds that are unstable
  • endergonic because the triphosphate unit contains two phosphoanhydride bonds that are unstable
  • is used to power a host of cellular functions.
  • Enzymes can catalyze the transfer of a terminal phosphoryl group from one nucleotide to another

Frage 14

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[blank_start]Phosphoryl[blank_end] Transfer potential is an important form of cellular energy transformation
Antworten
  • Phosphoryl
  • Phosphatase

Frage 15

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ATP has a [blank_start]phosphoryl-transfer[blank_end] potential intermediate between high phosphoryl- potential compounds derived from fuel molecules and acceptor molecules that require the addition of a phosphoryl group for cellular needs.
Antworten
  • phosphoryl-transfer
  • acceptor molecules
  • phosphoryl group

Frage 16

Frage
What phosphate serves as an energy reserve in vertebrate muscle
Antworten
  • Creatine
  • ATP
  • ADP

Frage 17

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ATP must never be recycled to provide energy to power the cell
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 18

Frage
Oxidation reactions involve [blank_start]loss[blank_end] of electrons
Antworten
  • loss

Frage 19

Frage
Oxidation reactions involve loss of electrons. Such reactions must be coupled with reactions that gain electrons. The paired reactions are called
Antworten
  • oxidation-reduction reactions or redox reactions.
  • deoxidation-reduction reactions or redox reactions

Frage 20

Frage
The carbon atoms in fuels are oxidized to yield [blank_start]CO2[blank_end], and the electrons are ultimately accepted by oxygen to form [blank_start]H2O[blank_end].
Antworten
  • CO2
  • H2O
  • H2O
  • CO2

Frage 21

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The more reduced a carbon atom is, the more free energy is released upon oxidation.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 22

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Fats are a less efficient food source than glucose because fats are more reduced.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 23

Frage
Compounds with high [blank_start]phosphoryl[blank_end] transfer potential can couple carbon [blank_start]oxidation[blank_end] to ATP synthesis
Antworten
  • oxidation
  • reduction
  • phosphoryl
  • phosphtase

Frage 24

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The essence of catabolism is capturing the energy of carbon oxidation as ATP.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 25

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Reduction of the carbon atom may form a compound with low phosphoryl-transfer potential that can then be used to synthesize ADP.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 26

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Ion gradients across membranes provide an important form of cellular energy that can be coupled to ATP synthesis
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 27

Frage
Ion gradients can couple endergonic reactions with exergonic reactions.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 28

Frage
In animals, 90% of ATP is generated when
Antworten
  • the energy of a proton gradient is coupled with ATP synthesis in the process of oxidative phosphorylation.
  • the energy of a proton gradient is coupled with ADP synthesis in the process of oxidative phosphorylation.
  • the energy of a proton gradient is coupled with ATP synthesis in the process of reductive phosphorylation.

Frage 29

Frage
The generation of energy from food occurs in three stages
Antworten
  • Large molecules in food are broken down into smaller molecules in the process of digestion.
  • The many small molecules are processed into key molecules of metabolism, most notably acetyl CoA.
  • ATP is produced from the complete oxidation of the acetyl component of acetyl CoA.
  • None of the above

Frage 30

Frage
Activated carrier
Antworten
  • ATP is an activated carrier of phosphoryl groups
  • Derived from vitamins
  • Derived from minerals
  • NADH/NAD+ and FADH2/FAD are activated carriers of electrons for fuel oxidation

Frage 31

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2. Two characteristics are common to activated carriers:
Antworten
  • The carriers are kinetically stable in the absence of specific catalysts.
  • The carriers are kinetically stable in the presence of specific catalysts.
  • The metabolism of activated groups is accomplished with a small number of carriers
  • The metabolism of activated groups is accomplished with a large number of carriers

Frage 32

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Many Activated carriers are derived from vitamin, B vitamins function as coenzymes, what other vitamins play a roles but do not serve as conenzymes
Antworten
  • Vitamins A, C, D, E, and K
  • Vitamins A, C, D, E,
  • Vitamins A, C, D

Frage 33

Frage
4. Key Reactions are reiterated throughout metabolism
Antworten
  • oxidation reduction
  • ligation
  • isomeration
  • Group transfer
  • Hydroltic reaction

Frage 34

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Reactions in which carbon bonds are cleaved by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. In these reactions, two substrates yield one product or vice versa
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 35

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Metabolic processes are regulated in three principal ways
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 36

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Metabolic pathways must be regulated
Antworten
  • create homeostasis or a stable biochemical environment.
  • allosterically or by covalent modification.

Frage 37

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To maintain homeostasis, the levels of available nutrients must be constantly monitored and metabolism adjusted to meet the biochemical needs of the cell.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 38

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Homeostasis is maintained by three crucial regulatory strategies.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 39

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The quantity of enzyme present can be regulated at the level of gene transcription.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 40

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Catalytic activity
Antworten
  • is regulated allosterically or by covalent modification
  • Hormones coordinate metabolic activity, often by instigating the covalent modification of allosteric enzymes.
  • Hormones coordinate metabolic activity, often by instigating the covalent modification of steric enzymes.

Frage 41

Frage
The energy status of the cell is often an important regulator of enzyme activity
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 42

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Two common means are used to assess energy status: [blank_start]energy charge[blank_end] and [blank_start]phosphorylation[blank_end] potential.
Antworten
  • energy charge
  • available nutrients
  • phosphorylation
  • kinetic

Frage 43

Frage
Opposing reactions, such as fatty acid synthesis and degradation, may occur in different cellular compartments.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 44

Frage
Controlling the flux of substrates between compartments is used to regulate metabolism.
Antworten
  • True
  • False
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