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Test Paola

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Teste Praxis Paola - Diseñado solo para propósito educativo
juanse1903
Quiz von juanse1903, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
juanse1903
Erstellt von juanse1903 vor etwa 9 Jahre
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Frage 1

Frage
Which of the following should be the primary focus of early language intervention for at-risk infants?
Antworten
  • Establishing object permanence through play activities
  • Training primary caregivers to facilitate language learning
  • Creating readiness activities in the context of play
  • Enhancing social communication through play activities

Frage 2

Frage
Primary motor innervation to the larynx and velum is provided by which cranial nerve?
Antworten
  • V
  • VII
  • IX
  • X

Frage 3

Frage
Federal laws regarding freedom of access to information stipulate that client records kept or written by health care professionals can be
Antworten
  • reviewed only by other health-care professionals
  • reviewed only by the clients themselves unless the client provides written permission to share with others
  • reviewed by anyone who submits a formal written request
  • released only by subpoena

Frage 4

Frage
The speech reception threshold (SRT) is a basic component of an evaluation of hearing function. Which of the following statements about the SRT is most accurate?
Antworten
  • It is measured in decibels and corresponds to the intensity level at which spondaic words can be recognized approximately 50% of the time.
  • It makes use of test materials that are limited to monosyllabic words.
  • It provides information on how well speech is understood at conversational levels.
  • It is useful in validating acoustic intermittence measures.

Frage 5

Frage
A clinician who employs active listening is doing which of the following?
Antworten
  • Responding to both the content and the affect of the client’s remarks
  • Listening very carefully and taking extensive notes
  • Conducting a clinician-directed interview
  • Directing the client to specific answers to questions

Frage 6

Frage
Which of the following is the best action to take initially with a client who presents with poor oral control of liquids and solids, coughing and choking while eating and drinking, and a history of hospitalizations associated with pneumonia?
Antworten
  • Thickening liquids so that the client will be better able to control oral movements for swallowing
  • Obtaining a modified barium-swallow study to determine appropriate interventions
  • Evaluating the client’s ability to eat a variety of foods in order to determine which foods are safest
  • Prescribing that the client be NPO, since aspiration is present

Frage 7

Frage
Ms. Brown, a 70-year-old retired female, was admitted to the hospital following a CVA. The SLP conducted a comprehensive evaluation that revealed the presence of left-side neglect, anosognosia (denial of impairment), and visuospatial problems, including prosopagnosia (difficulty recognizing familiar faces). Although her auditory comprehension and repetition skills were good, she experienced difficulty with topic maintenance and turn taking. Based on the clinical features described, Ms. Brown’s diagnostic classification would most likely be
Antworten
  • Wernicke’s aphasia
  • Conduction aphasia
  • Cognitive-communicative disorder consistent with right hemisphere damage
  • Cognitive-communicative disorder consistent with left hemisphere damage

Frage 8

Frage
A client exhibits weakness, atrophy, and fasciculations of the right side of the tongue and lower face. The client also has right vocal-fold weakness and nasal regurgitation of fluid when swallowing. These problems are the result of damage to which part of the nervous system?
Antworten
  • Brain stem
  • Cerebellum
  • Left cerebral cortex
  • Right cerebral cortex

Frage 9

Frage
A child exhibits the following production errors. w/r θ/s t/ʃ t/tʃ z/dʒ t/k d/g If a target sound for initial intervention is to be selected on the basis of established developmental norms, then that sound will be
Antworten
  • /s/
  • /ʃ/
  • /k/
  • /tʃ/

Frage 10

Frage
A public-school-based speech-language pathologist is employed in a state that sets the maximum caseload at 65. However, the clinician’s caseload is currently at 64 with a waiting list of 10 additional students. The school principal insists that the speechlanguage pathologist enroll the 10 students immediately, because the district cannot locate another clinician to assist with the caseload. Which of the following is the most appropriate way for the speech-language pathologist to address the situation?
Antworten
  • Enroll 1 of the 10 students and provide the principal with a written statement of caseload needs, mentioning the amount, type, and frequency of treatment
  • Refer the 10 students to a speech-language pathologist working in a private setting
  • Suggest that the principal ask a school speech-language pathologist from another school district to take the 10 students
  • Maintain current caseload until an additional speech-language pathologist is Hired

Frage 11

Frage
Which of the following views make up a standard videofluoroscopic swallow study? Select all that apply.
Antworten
  • Frontal
  • Lateral
  • Transverse
  • Anterior-posterior

Frage 12

Frage
Hearing loss in infants who are born with a cleft palate is usually related to which of the following?
Antworten
  • The infant’s inability to create positive pressure in the oral cavity
  • Malformation of the middle-ear ossicles associated with malformation of the palate
  • Eustachian tube dysfunction
  • Cochlear dysfunction

Frage 13

Frage
Children diagnosed as having specific language impairments are likely to exhibit the greatest deficits in which of the following?
Antworten
  • Production of sentences with appropriate inflectional morphology and syntax
  • Acquisition of word meanings
  • Comprehension of short sentences
  • Motoric aspects of written expression

Frage 14

Frage
A 5-year-old girl with a repaired cleft palate has recently undergone a pharyngeal flap operation to correct velopharyngeal incompetence, but she continues to use glottal stops, pharyngeal fricatives, and mid-dorsum palatal stops. Which of the following is the most appropriate action for the SLP to take?
Antworten
  • Recommending that the child be examined by a cleft palate team to determine the cause of the persistent articular errors
  • Referring the child back to the surgeon to determine the need for a revision of the pharyngeal flap
  • Initiating articulation treatment to teach the correct placement for the stops and fricatives
  • Initiating articulation treatment to teach correct production of nonpressure consonant sounds

Frage 15

Frage
A 70-year-old female has dysphagia characterized by poor posterior oral containment of the bolus during the oral preparatory stage, causing aspiration before the swallow. Cognition and the pharyngeal stage of the swallow are intact. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment approach for the client?
Antworten
  • Providing a puree diet with thickened liquids
  • Having the client flex her head forward (perform the chin-down posture) during oral preparation and transit stages of the swallow
  • Having the client turn (rotate) her head to the right when swallowing
  • Providing a diet that consists of thin liquids

Frage 16

Frage
An SLP receives a referral regarding a 4-year-old boy who uses two words spontaneously and functionally, who began walking at 3 years of age, and who responds to his name inconsistently. On the basis of the information alone, the SLP can legitimately conclude that the child’s communication profile reflects
Antworten
  • a developmental delay
  • autism spectrum disorder
  • a chromosomal anomaly
  • a metabolic disorder

Frage 17

Frage
Which of the following is the most important acoustic cue that distinguishes between an unreleased final /p/ and an unreleased final /b/, as in “cap” versus “cab”?
Antworten
  • Locus frequency of burst
  • Voice onset time
  • Vocal fundamental frequency
  • Duration of the preceding vowel

Frage 18

Frage
John is a 4 1/2 year old whose consonantal inventory includes word-initial [ w ], [ m], [ n ], [ p ], [ b ], [ t ], [ d ], and [ f ]. He uses [ t ] for /k/, [ d ] for /ɡ/, [ b ] for /v/, and [ f ]for /θ/. He produces no consonant clusters. His word-final consonantal inventory consists of [m] and [n]. His word shape inventory includes V, CV, CVC, and CVCV. The information given most strongly indicates that the child has
Antworten
  • childhood apraxia of speech
  • an oral motor impairment
  • delayed phonological development
  • a significant high-frequency hearing loss

Frage 19

Frage
Immediately following removal of a benign tumor from the base of the brain, a 76-year-old client exhibits severe nasalization and a weak, breathy voice. A fourmonth postsurgical assessment reveals no improvement. At this time, the remediation strategy for this client should focus on
Antworten
  • evaluation for prosthetic or surgical intervention
  • strengthening exercises for the oral articulators
  • a trial period using the yawn-sign technique
  • complete vocal rest

Frage 20

Frage
A 4-month-old-infant who has a low birth weight but passed a neonatal hearing screening was evaluated for development of communication skills. The speechlanguage pathologist found that the infant followed moving objects visually, showed interest in mouthing and banging objects, and began sucking in anticipation of eating, but failed to localize to environmental sounds. On the report to the infant’s primary care physician, the most appropriate recommendation by the speech-language pathologist is
Antworten
  • consideration of auditory amplification
  • hearing-loss counseling for the parents
  • careful parent monitoring of the child’s speech-language development
  • evaluation of auditory function by an audiologist

Frage 21

Frage
Which of the following procedures would be effective in remediating a falsetto voice for an adult male with a severe bilateral hearing loss?
Antworten
  • Development of phonation from coughing
  • Pushing exercises
  • Manual depression of the larynx
  • Manual elevation of the larynx

Frage 22

Frage
Cognitive therapy for stuttering focuses on which of the following?
Antworten
  • Extinguishing the overt, dysfluent speech behavior by withholding positive reinforcement
  • Changing distorted beliefs about self-efficacy and the need to speak with complete fluency . Cambio de creencias distorsionadas sobre la autoeficacia y la necesidad de hablar confluidez completa
  • Providing positive reinforcement during periods of fluent speech
  • Reducing dysfluent speech behavior by using visual imaging

Frage 23

Frage
A prospective client is described as a man in his forties who is under chronic stress. He uses his voice extensively in daily life has a hard-driving personality, and exhibits glottal fry. The client has the classic profile of a person at high risk for
Antworten
  • spastic dysphonia
  • acute laryngitis
  • vocal nodules
  • contact ulcers

Frage 24

Frage
Which of the following most accurately represents the etiology of cleft palate?
Antworten
  • Genetic factors alone
  • Environmental influences alone
  • Genetic factors interacting with environmental influences
  • Medications taken by the mother during pregnancy

Frage 25

Frage
For which individual would a recommendation for an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) intervention be least appropriate?
Antworten
  • A preschool child with a language-learning disorder and highly unintelligible speech
  • A teenager with a repaired cleft palate who continues to experience hypernasality
  • A young adult with severe cerebral palsy precluding functional oral communication
  • A 55-year-old man who has had a laryngectomy

Frage 26

Frage
Which of the following is an accurate statement about whispered speech?
Antworten
  • It is produced by approximating the arytenoid cartilages so that their medial surfaces are in direct contact.
  • It is composed largely of aperiodic sounds.
  • Spectrographic analysis of it reveals no discernible formants for the vowels.
  • Most people can produce longer utterances per breath using it than they can using conventional phonation.

Frage 27

Frage
Which of the following describes an important diagnostic distinction between apraxia of speech and dysarthria?
Antworten
  • Apraxia of speech is a result of lower motor neuron lesions, whereas dysarthria is the result of upper motor neuron lesions.
  • Clients with apraxia of speech lack the ability to monitor reactive speech, whereas clients with dysarthria lack the ability to sequence volitional speech movements.
  • Strength and coordination of the speech musculature are intact in clients with apraxia of speech, whereas slowness, weakness, incoordination, or altered tone of the speech musculature are associated with dysarthria.
  • Apraxia of speech is characterized by distortions, omissions, and substitutions, whereas dysarthria is characterized by inconsistent, highly variable misarticulations.

Frage 28

Frage
Naturalistic teaching chiefly involves which of the following? Enseñanza naturalista implica fundamentalmente cuál de las siguientes?
Antworten
  • Establishing successful and useful communication
  • Using multiple trials and training techniques
  • Using more adult-initiated interactions than child-initiated interactions
  • Using differential reinforcement, fading, and modeling

Frage 29

Frage
Which of the following muscles produces the opposing action to those that produce velopharyngeal closure?
Antworten
  • Musculus uvulae
  • Levator veli palatini
  • Palatoglossus
  • Stylopharyngeus

Frage 30

Frage
An otolaryngologist has referred a 45-year-old man for voice treatment following medialization thyroplasty for a paralyzed vocal fold. Which of the following is the most appropriate therapeutic strategy for the SLP to use?
Antworten
  • Assisting the patient to produce a soft glottal attack
  • Digitally manipulation of the patient’s neck to reduce strap-muscle tension
  • Assisting the patient to produce a hard glottal attack
  • Employing techniques aimed at increasing airflow

Frage 31

Frage
Which of the following types of cerebral palsy is characterized by slow, arrhythmic writhing and involuntary movements of the extremities?
Antworten
  • Athetosis
  • Spasticity
  • Hypotonia
  • Bulbar palsy

Frage 32

Frage
In the treatment of acute Wernicke’s aphasia, the initial focus should be on
Antworten
  • encouraging self-monitoring of the adequacy of verbal output
  • increasing the rate of speech
  • improving the client’s ability to elaborate verbally
  • increasing the complexity of sentence structures

Frage 33

Frage
In the treatment of voice disorders, the chewing technique is used to do which of the following?
Antworten
  • Improve control of loudness
  • Increase pitch range during voice production
  • Increase air supply during voice production
  • Reduce tension in the laryngeal area

Frage 34

Frage
An SLP is planning treatment for a 5-year-old child with multiple speechproduction errors. The most effective strategy the clinician can use to treat the child is to
Antworten
  • arrange error sounds by developmental pattern and correct them sound by sound
  • start with sounds the child can make and use them as bridges to error sounds
  • teach sounds in isolation, then use nonsense syllables, and then build to words
  • delineate phonological processes in operation and address them through minimal-contrast pairs

Frage 35

Frage
A teacher asks the speech-language pathologist for advice regarding a child who talks excessively during class, rarely listens to instructions, and does work only intermittently. Attempts at alternative seating for the child have not been successful. Of the following, which is the most appropriate recommendation that the speechlanguage pathologist can provide to the teacher?
Antworten
  • Have the school counselor consider working with the child and the parents on self-control and discipline
  • Put the child on a management system for classroom behavior
  • Refer the child for evaluation by members of the child-study team
  • Suggest remedial speech-language services for the child to improve the child’s interactive communication

Frage 36

Frage
A 6-year-old child produces [t] for /s/, [d] for /z/, [p] for /f/, and [b] for /v/. Intervention for this problem would target language at the level of
Antworten
  • morphology
  • syntax
  • phonology
  • semantics

Frage 37

Frage
A correct-response rate of 51 percent on a two-choice picture-pointing task would most likely indicate which of the following?
Antworten
  • A random pointing response
  • Successful intervention
  • Development of crucial discrimination skills by the client
  • Readiness to progress to a three-picture point task

Frage 38

Frage
Which of the following areas needs to be evaluated first for a 5 year old who says [pun] for “spoon” and [top] for “soap”?
Antworten
  • Auditory discrimination
  • Dialectal differences
  • Phonological system
  • Receptive language

Frage 39

Frage
For which of the following conditions is it most appropriate for the SLP to recommend that the patient’s primary-care physician refer the patient to a prosthodontist for construction of a palatal-lift appliance?
Antworten
  • Submucous cleft palate
  • Unrepaired cleft of the secondary palate
  • Flaccid paralysis of the soft palate
  • Congenitally short palate

Frage 40

Frage
Computer software that has been developed to facilitate speech and language treatment can best be used
Antworten
  • in group sessions when the SLP’s caseload precludes working individually with clients
  • by clients in place of services that would otherwise be provided by an SLP
  • by clients under the direction of SLPs
  • when SLPs are unavailable

Frage 41

Frage
Which of the following is a typical symptom of cerebellar involvement?
Antworten
  • Overshooting or undershooting an intended target
  • Rigidity during voluntary motions
  • Spasticity during involuntary action
  • Word-finding difficulty

Frage 42

Frage
A 42-year-old client with upper-and lower-extremity weakness and a diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is referred for a speech-language evaluation. The evaluation reveals a progressive severe dysarthria that is characterized by imprecise articulation secondary to bilateral facial and lingual weakness, atrophy, and fasciculations; mild-to-moderate hypernasality and weak pressure consonants with associated nasal emission during speech; and strained, harsh, groaning voice quality with occasional inhalatory stridor. Speech intelligibility is poor. Which of the following will most effectively improve this client’s ability to communicate?
Antworten
  • Teflon injection into one or both vocal cords
  • Palatal-lift prosthesis
  • Amplification device
  • Augmentative communication system

Frage 43

Frage
Which of the following communication disorders is most frequently associated with significant dysphagia?
Antworten
  • Aphasia
  • Ataxic dysarthria
  • Flaccid dysarthria
  • Organic voice tremor

Frage 44

Frage
Language impairment in a child with Down syndrome is often determined by comparing performance on one or more standardized language tests with the child’s mental age, rather than with the child’s chronological age. Although mental age should not be used to specify the need for treatment, mental age can legitimately be used as a performance criterion because
Antworten
  • using chronological age would overidentify language disorders
  • using chronological age would underidentify language disorders
  • mental age always correlates with verbal performance
  • language performance is expected to exceed mental age

Frage 45

Frage
Which of the following is the ratio of reinforcement that will most quickly cause a newly acquired behavior to be habituated?
Antworten
  • A random ratio of tokens to correct responses
  • A ratio of 1 token to 1 correct response
  • A ratio of 1 token to 4 correct responses only
  • A ratio of 1 token to 10 correct responses only

Frage 46

Frage
An adult client exhibits visuospatial disorganization, an inability to initiate interactions, left-side neglect, and lack of facial expression. This combination of symptoms is most likely associated with which of the following?
Antworten
  • Right-hemisphere traumatic brain injury
  • Left-hemisphere cerebrovascular accident
  • Bilateral traumatic brain injury
  • Alzheimer’s dementia

Frage 47

Frage
A physician told the spouse of a client that melodic intonation therapy (MIT) would improve the client’s speech considerably. The most appropriate next action by the SLP would be to
Antworten
  • provide MIT, as recommended
  • tell the physician that it is inappropriate for the physician to make recommendations for a speech treatment
  • consider the potential value of incorporating MIT into the client’s treatment
  • explain MIT to the client’s spouse to assist in the decision-making process about the type of therapy to use

Frage 48

Frage
Which of the following muscles is primarily responsible for vocal fold abduction?
Antworten
  • Posterior cricoarytenoid
  • Cricothyroid
  • Interarytenoid
  • Lateral cricoarytenoid

Frage 49

Frage
A client has been determined to have poor upper esophageal sphincter opening secondary to decreased hyolaryngeal excursion, following a lateral medullary stroke. Cognitive functions are within normal limits. Which of the following interventions would be the most appropriate recommendation for this client as an initial course of treatment for the underlying disorder?
Antworten
  • Thermotactile stimulation
  • Mendelsohn maneuver
  • Thickened liquids
  • Chin-down posture (head/neck flexion)

Frage 50

Frage
If a child’s language exhibits the phonological process of gliding, the child might say [wɛd] for “red.” When asked, “Do you mean wed?” the child may respond, “No! [wɛd]!” Such a response demonstrates which of the following?
Antworten
  • Phonological development lags behind semantic development.
  • Semantic development lags behind phonological development.
  • Linguistic competence lags behind linguistic performance.
  • Linguistic performance lags behind linguistic competence.

Frage 51

Frage
Of the following sentences, which represents the greatest degree of syntactic complexity?
Antworten
  • Is John helping Bill?
  • Why isn’t John helping Bill?
  • John isn’t helping Bill.
  • Why is John helping Bill?

Frage 52

Frage
Establishment of which of the following is most important in ensuring that the results of any diagnostic test of speech or language are replicable?
Antworten
  • Content validity
  • Interjudge reliability
  • Split-half reliability
  • Face validity

Frage 53

Frage
Which of the following is the most reasonable standard to apply when judging whether a client has achieved generalization of a targeted skill?
Antworten
  • The client uses the targeted skill under stimulus conditions that were not present during the training process and without reinforcement.
  • The client maintains the correct production of the targeted skill when the reinforcement schedule is changed.
  • The client correctly produces the targeted skill effortlessly and without hesitation.
  • The client is able to monitor errors and correct them with only a minimal number of cues from the clinician.

Frage 54

Frage
Which of the following indicates the goal of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) ?
Antworten
  • To ensure a patient’s privacy and confidentiality of health-care information
  • To maximize health insurance coverage for speech-language pathology services
  • To ensure a free and appropriate education
  • To ensure a patient’s knowledge of health insurance

Frage 55

Frage
Laborious, halting, telegraphic utterances are typical of clients with which of the following types of aphasia?
Antworten
  • Conduction
  • Anomic
  • Wernicke
  • Transcortical motor

Frage 56

Frage
A videofluoroscopic study of a client with dysphagia revealed post-swallow vallecular residue occupying more than 50 percent vallecular height. Which of the following is the most likely overt symptom that the client will experience?
Antworten
  • Watery eyes during swallowing
  • Oral pocketing of foods
  • Coughing after swallowing
  • Esophageal reflux

Frage 57

Frage
When treating a client who is using an electronic augmentativecommunication device, the speech-language pathologist’s primary goal should be to
Antworten
  • ensure that the client develops skill in using every technical aspect of the aid
  • ensure that the client’s caregivers learn how to modify the aid’s hardware and any applicable software to meet the client’s communication needs
  • train the client to use the aid as independently and interactively as possible in a variety of settings
  • help the client develop the skills necessary for moving on to a more sophisticated device

Frage 58

Frage
A 4,5-year-old boy has significant speech and language difficulties exemplified by poor oral-motor control, slight difficulty in swallowing, high palate, poor tongue mobility, and fasticulation on protrusion. During an evaluation, the speech-language pathologist notes very poor paper-and-pencil grasp, poor posture, and an inability to complete performance tasks requiring fine motor control. To which of the following should the child be referred in order to obtain additional diagnostic information?
Antworten
  • An otolaryngologist
  • A physical therapist
  • A neurologist
  • A physiologist

Frage 59

Frage
A clinician is working with the response cost strategy and she asked the child's mom to correct her son's disfluencies, telling him: "that sounds bumpy" and in the middle of his disfluency "to stop" and repeat it the word again. What is the clinician doing??
Antworten
  • Creating awareness to the child about his disfluency
  • Is not effective since it does not hold a relaxation level
  • That the child experience awareness to see his mom anxiety and correct him
  • This strategy is a good strategy

Frage 60

Frage
A 65 or 56 year old pacient with a post lingual hearing loss with meaningful words will receive aural rehabilitation is benefit from which of the following approaches??
Antworten
  • Holistic
  • synthetic
  • authentic
  • analytic

Frage 61

Frage
Successful use of an alternative and augmentative communication system is based on such factors as selecting appropriate vocabulary, seating and positioning, and having a reliable method of controlling the system. To facilitate the most effective use of the system, clinicians most often advocate which of the following approaches?
Antworten
  • Unimodal
  • Multimodal
  • Bimodal
  • Gestural

Frage 62

Frage
Which of the following is most important for an SLP to do when assessing a child who has an acquired brain injury?
Antworten
  • Evaluate pragmatics through a structured language test
  • Compare premorbid performance with present performance
  • Ensure administration of an intelligence test
  • Compare nonverbal performance with verbal performance

Frage 63

Frage
Language intervention for a child at the one-word stage should be most strongly influenced by a consideration of the child’s
Antworten
  • motor skills
  • cognitive skills
  • syntactic skills
  • articulation skills

Frage 64

Frage
Before an SLP initiates voice intervention, it is most important that the SLP gather information about the
Antworten
  • cause of the client’s voice problem
  • client’s breathing patterns
  • client’s oral motor skills
  • fundamental frequency of the client’s laryngeal tone

Frage 65

Frage
A client with anomic aphasia is a native speaker of Spanish with fair proficiency in English. Production of the word “shoes” as [tʃuz] on a repetition task is most likely due to which of the following factors?
Antworten
  • Phonological interference from the speaker’s native language
  • Semantic interference from the speaker’s native language
  • Semantic paraphasia due to the aphasia
  • Phonemic paraphasia due to the aphasia

Frage 66

Frage
An SLP has a consultation with a self-referred adult who has a fluency disorder. The client had been enrolled in treatment programs with the clinician three times before and had reached from 75 to 90 percent fluency before dropping out of treatment for various reasons. Thirty percent of the client’s syllables are spoken disfluently. The client also exhibits signs of depression and anxiety. Which of the following is the most appropriate action for the SLP to take?
Antworten
  • Encouraging the client to re-enroll for remedial services
  • Encouraging the client to take responsibility for maintaining fluency by using techniques learned in the previous treatment sessions
  • Recommending that the client schedule a neurological evaluation
  • Referring the client for psychological counseling

Frage 67

Frage
Immediately following removal of a benign tumor from the base of the brain, a 76- yearold client exhibits severe nasalization and a weak, breathy voice. A four-month postsurgical assessment reveals no improvement. At this time, the remediation strategy for this client should focus on
Antworten
  • evaluation for prosthetic or surgical intervention
  • strengthening exercises for the oral articulators
  • a trial period using the yawn-sign technique
  • complete vocal rest

Frage 68

Frage
A 4-month-old-infant who has a low birth weight but passed a neonatal hearing screening was evaluated for development of communication skills. The speech-language pathologist found that the infant followed moving objects visually, showed interest in mouthing and banging objects, and began sucking in anticipation of eating, but failed to localize to environmental sounds. On the report to the infant’s primary care physician, the most appropriate recommendation by the speech-language pathologist is
Antworten
  • consideration of auditory amplification
  • hearing-loss counseling for the parents
  • careful parent monitoring of the child’s speech-language development
  • evaluation of auditory function by an audiologist

Frage 69

Frage
Which of the following is a type of perturbation that can be measured to determine the amount of noise in the voice?
Antworten
  • Changes in the frequency range between F1 and F2 over time
  • Changes in the frequency range between F2 and F3 over time
  • F3 cycle-to-cycle variations in sound energy over time
  • F0 cycle-to-cycle variations in sound energy over time

Frage 70

Frage
A 67-year-old male patient with no history of swallowing problems has undergone a cardiothoracic surgical procedure. Postoperatively, he is found to be aspirating while swallowing and is diagnosed with a left vocal-fold paralysis and left pharyngeal paresis. Which of the following is the most likely etiology?
Antworten
  • An intraoperative CVA in the right pons
  • Damage to the right recurrent laryngeal nerve
  • Damage to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve
  • A left hemispheric stroke

Frage 71

Frage
A speech-and-hearing clinic has recently opened, but referrals are slow in coming. Which of the following would be most appropriate and effective for the clinic’s director todo first?
Antworten
  • Ask local hospitals to provide names of recent clients likely to need speech-language services
  • Identify and define the major consumer groups and referral sources, and develop a plan to reach them
  • Identify the weaknesses in the competition, and inform consumer groups and referral sources of the weaknesses
  • Wait for demand to increase on its own, because marketing speech-language services i against the ASHA Code of Ethics

Frage 72

Frage
A 6-year-old child produces [t] for /s/, [d] for /z/, [p] for /f/, and [b] for /v/. Intervention for this problem would target language at the level of
Antworten
  • morphology
  • syntax
  • phonology
  • semantics

Frage 73

Frage
Ms. Lopez’s articulation errors consist of the following: f/v, ʃ/ʒ, and s/z. On the basis of these errors, the SLP should begin remediation that focuses on
Antworten
  • manner
  • place
  • fricatives
  • voicing

Frage 74

Frage
A videofluoroscopic study of a client with dysphagia revealed post-swallow vallecular residue occupying more than 50 percent vallecular height. Which of the following is the most likely overt symptom that the client will experience?
Antworten
  • Watery eyes during swallowing
  • Oral pocketing of foods
  • Coughing after swallowing
  • Esophageal reflux

Frage 75

Frage
Which one of the following is a homophonous pair?
Antworten
  • sheep–beep
  • man–ban
  • pan–fan
  • honey–money
  • list–gist

Frage 76

Frage
The term coarticulation refers to which of the following?
Antworten
  • Speech sounds being modified due to the influence of adjacent sounds to the point that there are perceptible changes in sounds
  • The extent to which vocal-tract configuration changes shape during the production of consonants and vowels in running speech
  • Vocal punctuation or a combination of suprasegmentals such as intonation and pausing
  • The influence of various syllables upon one another when a client recites a phonetically balanced list of words
  • The influence of one phoneme upon another in production and perception, wherein two different articulators move simultaneously to produce two different speech sounds

Frage 77

Frage
A child’s speech analysis suggests the phonological process of consonant-cluster reduction. Which of the following is the word you would most likely put on a word list used for treatment?
Antworten
  • bus
  • stopped
  • horse
  • lassie

Frage 78

Frage
What is the muscle that exerts the pull that allows the Eustachian tube to open during yawning and swallowing?
Antworten
  • Tensor palatini
  • Levator palatini
  • Tensor tympani
  • Stapedius muscle
  • Levator veli palatini

Frage 79

Frage
Which of the following is an example of an entity + locative?
Antworten
  • That chair
  • More juice
  • Jump [on] bed
  • Juice [in] glass
  • Doggy bark

Frage 80

Frage
What are cartilages that are cone-shaped and are located under the mucous membrane that covers the aryepiglottic folds called?
Antworten
  • Cricoids
  • Laminas
  • Cuneiforms
  • Corniculates
  • Arytenoids

Frage 81

Frage
Which of the following primarily vibrate and produce sound?
Antworten
  • External thyroarytenoids
  • Internal thyroarytenoids
  • Transverse arytenoids
  • Cricothyroid
  • Lateral cricoarytenoids

Frage 82

Frage
What is the definition of fast mapping?
Antworten
  • An important concept associated with syntax
  • An important concept associated with pragmatics
  • The ability to categorize concepts
  • The ability to learn a new word on the basis of just a few exposures to it
  • The ability to differentiate between free and bound morphemes

Frage 83

Frage
Approximately when is the past tense regular –ed mastered by typically developing children?
Antworten
  • 19–28 months
  • 24–33 months
  • 18–32 months
  • 26–48 months
  • 24–26 months

Frage 84

Frage
The phoneme /k/ sounds the same perceptually to the listener; however, it is produced in a slightly different manner in the words kitten, bucket, and cook. These variations of the /k/ phoneme are called
Antworten
  • phonemes
  • allophones
  • morphemes
  • diphthongs
  • plosives

Frage 85

Frage
You would diagnose a disorder of fluency (stuttering) when the dysfluencies in speech reach
Antworten
  • 5% of the words spoken
  • 15% of the words spoken
  • 1% of the syllables spoken
  • 10% of the syllables spoken
  • 2% of the words spoken

Frage 86

Frage
Select the statement that is true of the response cost method
Antworten
  • A token is given for every fluent speech production.
  • Twenty tokens are given for good speech at the beginning of the treatment session.
  • A token is presented for each utterance that is produced at a reduced rate of speech.
  • The fluent productions are counted during treatment, and the same number of tokens are given at the end of the session.
  • A token is given for each fluent production, and one is withdrawn for each dysfluency

Frage 87

Frage
In correctly administering the pause-and-talk (timeout) procedure to reduce stuttering, what would you do immediately following a stutter?
Antworten
  • Give a signal to stop and then ask the client to start talking again.
  • Give a signal to stop, ask the client to describe the problem, and then let the client continue to talk.
  • Say, “No,” pause for 5 seconds, and then let the client continue to talk.
  • Give a signal to stop talking, avoid eye contact for 5 seconds, reestablish the eye contact, and then ask the client to continue.
  • Ask the client to keep quiet for 20 seconds before resuming speech.

Frage 88

Frage
patient with a double voice, which is the perception of two distinct simultaneous pitches during phonation, has
Antworten
  • glottal fry
  • diplophonia
  • strain-strangle
  • cul-de-sac resonance
  • harshness

Frage 89

Frage
Injecting botulinum toxin (Botox) directly into one or both vocal folds (thyroarytenoid muscles) has been used for which of the following voice conditions?
Antworten
  • Laryngeal webs
  • Spasmodic dysphonia
  • Carcinoma
  • Polyps
  • Contact ulcers

Frage 90

Frage
What is true about Broca’s aphasia?
Antworten
  • The speech is generally meaningless.
  • The grammar is typically intact.
  • It is never associated with apraxia of speech or dysarthria.
  • It is often, though not always, caused by damage to Brodman’s areas 44 and 45.
  • It is not associated with paralysis or paresis

Frage 91

Frage
Repetition skills are better preserved in
Antworten
  • transcortical motor aphasia
  • Broca’s aphasia
  • global aphasia
  • Wernicke’s aphasia
  • conduction aphasia.

Frage 92

Frage
Speech reception thresholds (SRTs) are
Antworten
  • determined by the patient’s response to a list of monosyllabic words presented at a low level of hearing
  • determined by looking at the patient’s pure-tone test results at the frequencies most important to speech
  • the lowest levels of hearing at which a person can understand 100% of the words presented
  • the lowest levels of hearing at which a person can understand 50% of the words presented
  • the highest levels of hearing at which a person can understand 50% of the words presented

Frage 93

Frage
You gather a language sample, and find that Tommy often says sentences like “My shoes hurting my feet today.” This sentence has
Antworten
  • 6 words, 6 morphemes
  • 6 words, 9 morphemes
  • 6 words, 8 morphemes
  • 6 words, 10 morphemes
  • 6 words, 7 morphemes

Frage 94

Frage
When the clinician screens Tommy’s language skills, she finds that he says things like “I went store Mom’s car, bought apples.” This utterance has
Antworten
  • 7 words, 7 morphemes
  • 7 words, 9 morphemes
  • 7 words, 8 morphemes
  • 7 words, 10 morphemes
  • 7 words, 11 morphemes

Frage 95

Frage
Sara is reading a story aloud in her class. To make distinctions between similarsounding words like “I scream” and “ice cream,” she uses a combination of suprasegmentals such as intonation and pausing, which mark special distinctions or grammatical divisions in speech. This type of vocal punctuation is also called
Antworten
  • stress
  • prosody
  • pitch
  • rate
  • juncture

Frage 96

Frage
According to Brown’s stages, what is the last morpheme to be acquired by a typical child?
Antworten
  • Prepositions
  • Regular third-person –s
  • Contractible copula
  • Uncontractible auxiliary
  • Contractible auxiliary

Frage 97

Frage
Halliday described seven functions of communicative intent that develop between 9 and 18 months of age. Which of the following is an example of the heuristic function?
Antworten
  • “More” (said by a child with an empty juice glass).
  • “I want cookie.”
  • “Grandpa white car.”
  • “Why doggy bark?”
  • “Mommy go store.”

Frage 98

Frage
A child has been referred to you for an assessment of his pragmatic skills. The chief complaint of adults and children with whom he interacts is that he frequently gives commands and sounds rude and bossy. His classroom teacher says she is fed up with his bossiness and peers do not include him in their games. His father tells you that the boy frequently says things like “Take me to Chuck E. Cheese” or “Get me Mario Cart Wii.” The father would like intervention to help his son say things like “I wonder if we could get Mario Cart Wii at the store?” instead of giving orders. In therapy, you know you will need to work on the boy’s facility with
Antworten
  • didactic monologues
  • narrative skills
  • indirect requests
  • cohesion
  • passive sentence transformations

Frage 99

Frage
You work in early intervention with a child who uses holophrastic speech. This child
Antworten
  • uses primarily two-word utterances
  • speaks in compound sentences
  • uses solely complex sentences
  • uses one word to communicate a variety of meanings
  • only coos and babbles

Frage 100

Frage
You decide to use gestural-assisted augmentative and alternative communication with a child who has some proficiency in American Sign Language. Which type of symbols would you use in this situation?
Antworten
  • Sig symbols
  • Premack-type symbols
  • Blissymbols
  • Picsyms
  • Rebuses

Frage 101

Frage
A child is brought for an evaluation because he is having difficulty producing /r/ and /l/. In your report, you state that he is having difficulty producing
Antworten
  • glides
  • nasals
  • affricates
  • fricatives
  • liquids

Frage 102

Frage
Linguavelars are produced by
Antworten
  • raising the tip of the tongue to make contact with the alveolar ridge
  • the tongue coming in contact with the hard palate
  • the back of the tongue rising to contact the velum
  • the tongue making contact with the upper teeth
  • keeping the vocal folds open and letting the air pass through them

Frage 103

Frage
You observe the following substitution errors in the speech of a 6-year-old client: w/l (e.g., waemp/laemp), j/l (e.g., jait/lait), or w/r (e.g., wabbit/rabbit). You explain to the child’s waemp/laemp), j/l (e.g., jait/lait), or w/r (e.g., wabbit/rabbit). You explain to the child’s mother that these are examples of
Antworten
  • vocalization
  • gliding
  • velar fronting
  • stopping
  • depalatization

Frage 104

Frage
When a child repeats a pattern (e.g., wawa/water), it is referred to as
Antworten
  • regressive assimilation
  • progressive assimilation
  • voicing assimilation
  • reduplication
  • accommodation

Frage 105

Frage
Stuttering in preschool children tends to occur somewhat more frequently on
Antworten
  • function words than on content words
  • content words than on function words
  • words that begin with /s/ and /k/ than on words that begin with other sounds
  • second or third syllables in multisyllable words
  • the fourth word in a sentence

Frage 106

Frage
An opera singer complains that she is unable to maintain adequate breath support to produce her optimal voice. You want to measure the singer’s lung volume to check for adequate breath support for optimal voice. You will need to measure ___________, which is the volume of air that the singer can exhale after a maximal inhalation.
Antworten
  • tidal volume
  • vital capacity
  • total lung capacity
  • residual air
  • exhalation

Frage 107

Frage
Lisa, a 19-year-old college student, was in a car accident and was air lifted to the trauma center at a local hospital. The paramedics at the accident scene had to perform an emergency intubation to permit her to breathe. A week after the accident, Lisa was discharged from the hospital and was breathing normally. A month later, Lisa returned to the hospital complaining of hoarseness and breathiness. The laryngologist performed an evaluation and noticed that Lisa had a unilateral localized inflammatory vascular lesion that had developed on the vocal process of her arytenoid cartilage. The laryngologist believed that the intubation may have caused
Antworten
  • hyperkeratosis
  • leukoplakia
  • hemangioma
  • a granuloma
  • carcinoma

Frage 108

Frage
A patient complains that her voice is soft, hoarse, low pitched, and breathy. After conducting an endoscopic evaluation, the laryngologist concludes that the patient has benign growths of thick, whitish patches on the surface membrane of the mucosa. The laryngologist asks his resident to diagnose the problem. The resident identifies the problem as
Antworten
  • hyperkeratosis
  • leukoplakia
  • hemangioma
  • a granuloma
  • carcinoma

Frage 109

Frage
What is a pink or white wart-like growth that can be found anywhere in the airway and can make a person’s voice sound hoarse, breathy, and low pitched?
Antworten
  • Hyperkeratosis
  • Leukoplakia
  • Hemangioma
  • Papilloma
  • Carcinoma

Frage 110

Frage
A patient comes to you complaining of a sore throat and hoarseness. After talking to the patient, you discover that he also often experiences heartburn and acid indigestion. You consult with the on-call physician, who mentions that this patient’s gastric contents are spontaneously emptying into his esophagus. The physician’s diagnosis of the problem is
Antworten
  • hyperkeratosis
  • laryngomalacia
  • gastroesophageal reflux
  • spasmodic reflux
  • leukoplakia

Frage 111

Frage
Which of the following is a homophonous pair?
Antworten
  • bar-mar
  • let-wet
  • most-host
  • she-be
  • vine-nine

Frage 112

Frage
When a normal distribution of scores shows that the mean is 100 and 68% of the sampled children have scored between 85 and 115, the standard deviation of that distribution is
Antworten
  • 15
  • 25
  • 10
  • 12
  • 30

Frage 113

Frage
Which of the following statements is false regarding a null hypothesis?
Antworten
  • It states that there is no cause-effect relationship between two specified variables.
  • It means a zero hypothesis.
  • It is the one that researchers try to reject.
  • It states that two variables are causally related.
  • It is different from the alternative hypothesis

Frage 114

Frage
A researcher who developed a language acquisition test claimed that her test measures what it is supposed to measure because the scores are progressively higher across age groups. She is claiming that her test has what kind of validity?
Antworten
  • Content validity
  • Concurrent validity
  • Construct validity
  • Criterion validity
  • Predictive validity

Frage 115

Frage
A clinician measured the number of misarticulations in a child’s speech sample in December, 2010. She went on winter break and came back 2 weeks later in January 2011, rested and refreshed. She decided to gather another speech sample from the child and re-measure the number of misarticulations. She did this to establish
Antworten
  • construct validity
  • predictive validity
  • intraobserver reliability
  • interobserver reliability
  • interobserver validity

Frage 116

Frage
The mode is evident in which of the following sets of scores?
Antworten
  • 12, 10, 5, 15, 8, 4, 11
  • 10, 3, 9, 12, 25, 29, 43
  • 16, 23, 16, 8, 16, 16, 4, 16, 16
  • 58, 76, 96, 12, 5, 9
  • 100, 95, 95, 78, 82, 73

Frage 117

Frage
In the phrase great zoo, the /z/ in zoo is devoiced because of the voiceless /t/ in the preceding word. This is an example of
Antworten
  • adaptation
  • gestation
  • assimilation
  • accommodation
  • prolongation

Frage 118

Frage
When a person is producing a voiced and voiceless /th/, the muscle that is most involved is The
Antworten
  • palatopharyngeus
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • genioglossus
  • styloglossus
  • buccinator

Frage 119

Frage
Which of the following muscles helps adduct the vocal folds?
Antworten
  • Hyoglossus
  • Cricothyroid
  • Posterior cricoarytenoids
  • Transverse arytenoids
  • Thyroarytenoids

Frage 120

Frage
A clinician who works in a skilled nursing facility has an 82-year-old male patient referred to her. The patient presents with a mask-like face with infrequent blinking and no smiling, tremors in his muscles that diminish when he moves voluntarily, swallowing problems, reduced vital capacity, irregular breathing, imprecise articulation, short rushes of speech with variable and increased rate in segments, and difficulty walking. This patient has a swallowing disorder. The referring physician states that the patient has a weak cricopharyngeus, causing difficulties in passing the bolus through the cricopharyngeus muscle and past the 7th cervical vertebra. Most likely this patient has
Antworten
  • disorders of the esophageal phase of swallow
  • difficulties in propelling the bolus through the pharynx and into the P-E segment
  • reduced pharyngeal peristalsis
  • difficulty in forming and holding the bolus accompanied by slippage of food into the lateral sulcus
  • food residue in the valleculae, on top of the airway, and in the pyriform sinuses

Frage 121

Frage
The primary muscle of the lips is the
Antworten
  • buccinator
  • risorius
  • depressor labii inferioris
  • orbicularis oris
  • depressor anguli oris

Frage 122

Frage
A U-shaped bone that suspends the larynx is the
Antworten
  • cricoid
  • thyroid
  • arytenoid
  • hyoid
  • all of the above

Frage 123

Frage
Before a surgeon performs a glossectomy, she informs the patient that the cranial nerves that innervate the tongue muscles will probably be damaged. Which of the following cranial nerves that innervate the tongue muscles will be affected by the operation?
Antworten
  • Cranial Nerve X, vagus nerve
  • Cranial Nerve IX, glossopharyngeal nerve
  • Cranial Nerve XII, hypoglossal nerve
  • Cranial Nerve VII, facial nerve
  • Cranial Nerve VIII, vestibulocochlear nerve

Frage 124

Frage
A patient with ataxia complains of difficulties maintaining balance and posture. The physician explains to the patient that the structure that regulates equilibrium, body posture, and coordinated fine-motor movements may be damaged. Therefore, the damaged structure is the
Antworten
  • cerebrum
  • pons
  • cerebellum
  • temporal lobe
  • frontal lobe

Frage 125

Frage
Peter has suffered a cerebrovascular accident (CVA); the neurologist reports lesions in the third convolution of the left cerebral hemisphere. Based on this, you conclude that the damaged area is
Antworten
  • the occipital lobe
  • the basal ganglia
  • Wernicke’s area
  • Broca’s area
  • the primary auditory area

Frage 126

Frage
Sara has arterial damage that causes her to have cognitive deficits such as impaired judgment, problems concentrating, and difficulties with reasoning. According to the surgeon, damage to this artery can also cause a person to have paralysis of the feet and legs. Damage to which artery produces these effects?
Antworten
  • Internal carotid
  • External carotid
  • Middle cerebral
  • Anterior cerebral
  • Posterior cerebral

Frage 127

Frage
A semi-vowel that can be categorized as a voiced bilabial glide that is + anterior and + continuant is the
Antworten
  • /w/
  • /j/
  • /l/
  • /h/
  • /r/

Frage 128

Frage
The lowest frequency of a periodic wave is
Antworten
  • natural frequency
  • formant frequency
  • fundamental frequency
  • displacement frequency
  • compression frequency

Frage 129

Frage
When sound waves move from one medium (e.g., air) to another (e.g., water), it causes a bending of the sound wave due to change in its speed of propagation. This phenomenon is known as
Antworten
  • refraction
  • reflection
  • compression
  • rarefaction
  • sinusoidal motion

Frage 130

Frage
A child who calls all tall and brown-haired men “Daddy” is exhibiting the phenomenon of
Antworten
  • underextension
  • overextension
  • joint reference
  • denial
  • overabstraction

Frage 131

Frage
The theory that asserts that each child is born with an innate language acquisition device (LAD) is the
Antworten
  • nativist theory of Chomsky
  • cognitive theory of Piaget
  • information processing theory
  • behavioral theory of Skinner
  • social interactionist theory of Vygotsky

Frage 132

Frage
Which of the following would be true of a clinician who used Skinner’s behaviorism as a foundation for her/his intervention with children with language delays?
Antworten
  • She or he would teach the child to use mands, tacts, and echoics.
  • She or he would target auditory sequencing skills.
  • She or he would ensure that the child had cognitive precursors such as object permanence.
  • She or he would teach the child to scaffold utterances.
  • She or he would target grammatical transformations.

Frage 133

Frage
You are treating a 4-year-old boy with specific language impairment (SLI) for intervention. You notice that he omits all grammatical morphemes in his speech. Which one of the following morphemes would you target first in therapy with him?
Antworten
  • Articles a, an, the
  • Regular plural –s
  • Present progressive –ing
  • Regular past tense –ed
  • Prepositions in, on

Frage 134

Frage
Melissa says “clink” instead of “blink”; she produces an incorrect sound in place of a correct sound. This articulation error is known as
Antworten
  • omission
  • substitution
  • accommodation
  • adaptation
  • reduplication

Frage 135

Frage
On completion of an oral mechanism examination, the attending orthodontist notices that her patient has a protruding maxilla and a receded mandible. The orthodontist asks the student speech–language pathologist for a diagnosis of the condition. The student should diagnose the condition as
Antworten
  • class I malocclusion
  • class II malocclusion
  • class III malocclusion
  • myofunctional disorder
  • ankyloglossia

Frage 136

Frage
The diadochokinetic rate is used to evaluate
Antworten
  • myofunctional disorders
  • dental deviations
  • oral-motor coordination
  • neuropathologies
  • ankyloglossia

Frage 137

Frage
Speech samples of persons who clutter may contain such productions as “many thinkle peep so.” This phenomenon is a
Antworten
  • festinating articulation
  • spoonerism
  • dactylology
  • disassimilation
  • tachylalia

Frage 138

Frage
A 43-year-old high school football coach comes to you for an evaluation. He states that he has been hoarse for approximately 10 months. A subsequent medical evaluation reveals that he has bilateral lesions on the anterior third of the vocal fold. A nasoendoscopic evaluation confirms that the patient has developed
Antworten
  • polyps
  • traumatic laryngitis
  • contact ulcers
  • vocal nodules
  • cysts

Frage 139

Frage
The disorders of the pharyngeal phase of swallow include
Antworten
  • delayed or absent swallowing reflex
  • anterior instead of posterior movement of the tongue
  • reduced range of lateral and vertical tongue movement
  • difficulty in forming and holding the bolus
  • premature swallow and aspiration before swallow

Frage 140

Frage
In assessing a patient with swallowing disorders, you would
Antworten
  • not be concerned about screening the patient for concrete and abstract language comprehension because it would provide irrelevant information
  • consider the correct positioning of the patient for certain procedures
  • restrict the patient’s foods choices to limit potential aspiration
  • not consider literacy skills because they are irrelevant to swallowing assessment
  • not consider the possibility of an ultrasound examination because you want to limit cost

Frage 141

Frage
A person who deciphers speech by looking at the face of the speaker and using visual cues to understand what the speaker is saying is using a technique known as
Antworten
  • cued speech
  • visual speech
  • speech reading
  • audiovisual speech
  • deaf speech

Frage 142

Frage
A clinician measured the dysfluency rates of a client from a speech sample. She then asked another clinician to measure dysfluencies using the same method she had used. The first clinician calculated a reliability index based on her measure and that of the second clinician. This index is a measure of
Antworten
  • interobserver agreement (or interobserver reliability)
  • concurrent validity of measures
  • intraobserver agreement
  • test–retest reliability
  • split-half reliability

Frage 143

Frage
A researcher is describing the speech of a group of children who have been diagnosed as clutterers. She finds that the faster the children speak, the less intelligible they are. The researcher obtains a Pearson r correlational relationship of -.89. This shows that there is___________________ between rate of speech and intelligibility.
Antworten
  • a strong negative correlational (or inverse) relationship
  • a positive correlational relationship
  • a moderate cause-and-effect relationship
  • a canonical correlational relationship
  • virtually no correlational relationship

Frage 144

Frage
Select the statement that applies to ethnographic studies.
Antworten
  • They are mostly descriptive.
  • They are suitable for evaluating treatment effects.
  • They are well-established in speech–language pathology.
  • They are very inexpensive to conduct.
  • They are not appropriate for studying patterns of cultures.

Frage 145

Frage
A correlation coefficient
Antworten
  • helps establish the effect of a variable
  • suggests the ways in which two variables are related to each other
  • allows researchers to make predictions about their subjects’ future behaviors
  • confirms a cause–effect relationship between two variables
  • helps researchers examine data retroactively

Frage 146

Frage
A client who stutters mentions to his speech–language pathologist that his social life is limited. He states that “No one will talk to me because I stutter.” This is an example of the common defense mechanism known as
Antworten
  • displacement
  • projection
  • repression
  • rationalization
  • suppression

Frage 147

Frage
A researcher places surface electrodes on both sides of the thyroid cartilage and passes a high-frequency electric current between the electrodes. The patient is asked to phonate while the electric current is applied to the electrodes. This procedure is called
Antworten
  • videostroboscopy
  • electroglottography
  • electromyography
  • laryngoscopy
  • endoscopy

Frage 148

Frage
If Abby has difficulty with homophonous pairs, she would have trouble distinguishing between words like
Antworten
  • bat–mat
  • trash–cash
  • horn–corn
  • show–row
  • pan–tan

Frage 149

Frage
He says sentences like “I ran to playground and my shoes got wet.” This sentence has
Antworten
  • 9 words, 10 morphemes
  • 9 words, 11 morphemes
  • 9 words, 12 morphemes
  • 9 words, 13 morphemes
  • 9 words, 9 morphemes

Frage 150

Frage
The components of the vertebral column consists of
Antworten
  • 8 cervical, 10 thoracic, and 4 lumbar, 4 sacral, and 2–3 coccygeal (fused) vertebrae
  • 9 cervical, 11 thoracic, and 3 lumbar, 7 sacral, and 5–6 coccygeal (fused) vertebrae
  • 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 3–4 coccygeal (fused) vertebrae
  • 10 cervical, 111 thoracic, and 6 lumbar, 6 sacral, and 4–5 coccygeal (fused) vertebrae
  • 11 cervical, 11 thoracic, and 3 lumbar, 3 sacral, and 1–2 coccygeal (fused) vertebrae

Frage 151

Frage
The source-filter theory of speech production states that
Antworten
  • the larynx filters the sound before the sound travels through the vocal tract
  • the resonating cavities of speech are the source of speech production
  • the oral cavity is the source of all English sounds
  • the nasal cavity is not important in speech production
  • the laryngeally produced sound is modified by the resonating cavities

Frage 152

Frage
Various arteries help supply blood to the face and the brain. Neurogenic communication disorders are associated with interrupted blood supply to the brain. Of the following statements about the arteries that supply blood to the brain, which one is correct?
Antworten
  • Internal carotid artery supplies the muscles of the face.
  • Damage to the external carotid artery causes aphasia.
  • Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area are supplied by the middle cerebral artery.
  • If an artery below the circle of Willis is blocked, the brain damage is maximal.
  • The anterior cerebral artery primarily supplies the occipital lobe.

Frage 153

Frage
Allophones
Antworten
  • change word meanings
  • are not variations of phonemes
  • are not perceived as the same
  • may not vary from production to production
  • may vary from production to production

Frage 154

Frage
Consonants and vowels have certain distinct characteristics. Of the following statements, which one accurately distinguishes the two classes of speech sounds?
Antworten
  • Vowels form the nucleus of syllables, whereas consonants release and arrest syllables.
  • Consonants are syllabic, whereas vowels cannot stand alone to form syllables.
  • The vocal tract is constricted for vowel productions, whereas it is open for consonantal productions.
  • Consonants may be described in terms of distinctive features, whereas vowels cannot be so described.
  • Airflow is continuous for consonants, whereas the flow is constricted for vowels.

Frage 155

Frage
Dynamics of speech production involve several important concepts. Select the statement that accurately describes one of the concepts of speech production dynamics.
Antworten
  • Phonetic adaptations refer to the influence of adjacent sounds on speech sound production.
  • Assimilation refers to changes in vocal tract configurations.
  • Phonetic adaptations refer to the variations in articulatory movements and changes in vocal tract configurations.
  • Assimilation refers to the variations in articulatory movements.
  • Coarticulation is not related to assimilation or adaptation.

Frage 156

Frage
As you analyze a language sample, you find an utterance made by the child: “big pizza.” This utterance is an example of which type of semantic relation?
Antworten
  • Action + locative
  • Agent + action
  • Attribute + locative
  • Attribute + entity
  • Possession + attribute

Frage 157

Frage
As you analyze a child’s language sample, you find that she uses many instances of recurrence. Which of the following is an example of recurrence?
Antworten
  • “More juice”
  • “No milk”
  • “Yummy juice”
  • “Want cookie”
  • “Mommy’s cookie”

Frage 158

Frage
What would a child whose utterance contained an embedded form say?
Antworten
  • “My dad drove me to school, and he dropped me off at the car-pool place.”
  • “Because I did my homework right after school, I got to play extra Game Boy.”
  • “My mom took away my cell phone because I didn’t get a good report card.”
  • “The teacher who gave a lot of homework wasn’t very popular.”
  • “We wanted to have a party; however, we had a school project to finish.”

Frage 159

Frage
A teacher has referred a second grader, Delanie, to you. As you assess Delanie’s language, you see that she has difficulty with word endings. For example, she says things such as “My candy is tasty than yours” instead of “My candy is tastier than yours,” or “He was happy than she was” instead of “He was happier than she was.” Delanie is having difficulty specifically with which aspect of language?
Antworten
  • Pragmatics
  • Emergent literacy
  • Semantics
  • Syntax
  • Morphology

Frage 160

Frage
You are working with Chad, a 10-year-old child who has a language impairment. The teacher tells you that other students get angry with Chad because he frequently says things such as “Gimme that pencil” and “Move your books over.” As a clinician, what will you focus on in therapy to help Chad get along better with others and have improved pragmatic skills?
Antworten
  • Use of gerunds
  • Use of indirect requests
  • Use of complex sentences
  • Use of abstract adjectives
  • Use of derivational morphemes

Frage 161

Frage
A child being assessed for a possible language impairment says to you, “My dad put my shoes on my feet before he drove me to school.” This sentence has shoes on my feet before he drove me to school.” This sentence has
Antworten
  • 14 words, 14 morphemes
  • 14 words, 15 morphemes
  • 14 words, 16 morphemes
  • 14 words, 17 morphemes
  • 14 words, 18 morphemes

Frage 162

Frage
As you evaluate the language of an eighth-grade boy, Derek, and listen to him talk about his hobbies and interests, he says things such as “I like to play football, and I also like Mario Cart Wii” and “My football team won the championship last Saturday; later, we celebrated at a pizza place.” What has Derek just used?
Antworten
  • Compound sentences containing two independent clauses
  • Complex sentences containing two independent clauses
  • A compound and a complex sentence
  • Complex sentences containing two dependent clauses
  • Complex sentences containing an independent and a dependent clause

Frage 163

Frage
A mother brings her 4-year-old child, Aubrey, to you for an evaluation. She says that at preschool, children have difficulty understanding what Aubrey is saying. The preschool teachers are concerned because they think Aubrey “is behind in her pronunciation.” Your evaluation reveals that Aubrey does indeed need intervention, and you decide the most appropriate approach is a type of therapy based on metalinguistic awareness. In this therapy approach, you will help Aubrey improve her acquisition of rules of the phonological system. What will you be using?
Antworten
  • McCabe and Bradley’s multiple phoneme approach
  • Metaphon therapy
  • McDonald’s sensory-motor approach
  • Baker and Ryan’s Monterey Articulation Program
  • Van Riper’s approach

Frage 164

Frage
You are working closely with an orthodontist who frequently refers children to your prívate practice. Many of these children have protrusion of the maxilla and retrusion of the mandible accompanied by a condition in which the upper teeth from the molars forward are positioned excessively anterior to the lower teeth. What do these children have?
Antworten
  • A class I malocclusion accompanied by underjet
  • A class II malocclusion accompanied by underjet
  • A class III malocclusion accompanied by overjet
  • A class III malocclusion accompanied by underjet
  • A class II malocclusion accompanied by overjet

Frage 165

Frage
You find that a child you have evaluated uses a number of phonological processes. One of those processes is stopping. You know this when you hear the child make what substitutions?
Antworten
  • du/zoo
  • kown/clown
  • bus/bush
  • wing/ring
  • tuhree/three

Frage 166

Frage
Sometimes specialists assess the lung volume of voice patients because breath support is inadequate. Specialists can measure __________, or the total volume of air in the lungs; other measurements can include __________, or the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breathing cycle; and __________, or the volume of air that the patient can exhale after a maximal inhalation.
Antworten
  • total lung capacity, tidal volume, vital capacity
  • vital capacity, tidal capacity, total lung volume
  • vital capacity, total lung capacity, tidal volume
  • tidal volume, total lung capacity, vital volume
  • vital capacity, total lung volume, tidal volumen

Frage 167

Frage
What does the cover-body theory of phonation state?
Antworten
  • The superficial layer of the lamina propria and much of the intermediate layer of the lamina propia vibrate as a “cover” on a relatively stationary “body,” which is made up of the remainder of the intermediate layer, the deep layer, and the TA muscle.
  • The epithelium, the superficial layer of the lamina propria, and much of the intermediate layer of the lamina propria vibrate as a “cover” on a relatively stationary “body,” which is made up of the remainder of the intermediate layer and the deep layer.
  • The epithelium, the superficial layer of the lamina propria, and much of the intermediate layer of the lamina propria vibrate as a “cover” on a relatively stationary “body,” which is made up of the remainder of the intermediate layer, the deep layer, and the TA muscle.
  • The epithelium and much of the intermediate layer of the lamina propria vibrate as a “cover” on a relatively stationary “body,” which is made up of the remainder of the intermediate layer and the TA muscle.
  • The epithelium, the deep layer of the lamina propria, and much of the superficial layer of the lamina propria vibrate as a “cover” on a relatively stationary “body,” which is made up of the remainder of the superficial layer, the deep layer, and the TA muscle.

Frage 168

Frage
While working in a hospital setting, you are asked to evaluate a 70-year-old patient who has had a brainstem stroke. The medical records indicate that the patient has difficulty swallowing. When you conduct test swallow trials, you observe anterior tongue movements, food residue in the anterior and lateral sulcus, premature swallow, and reduced range of tongue elevation. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis you would make on this patient?
Antworten
  • Predominantly a disorder of the oral phase
  • Predominantly a disorder of the pharyngeal phase
  • Predominantly a disorder of mastication
  • Predominantly a problem of delayed or absent swallowing reflex
  • Predominantly a problem of a tracheoesophageal fistula

Frage 169

Frage
You are watching an experienced clinician conduct swallowing therapy for a 68- year-old woman with dysphagia. You note that the clinician teaches the patient to tilt her head forward while swallowing and to switch between liquid and semisolid swallows, and applies gentle pressure on one side of the thyroid cartilage during the swallow. This kind of treatment is appropriate for the disorders of which of the following phases?
Antworten
  • The oral preparatory phase
  • The oral phase
  • The pharyngeal phase
  • The esophageal phase
  • The oral-esophageal phase

Frage 170

Frage
Which one of the following is a homophenous pair?
Antworten
  • ship–rip
  • bean–mean
  • pine–vine
  • honey–money
  • let–vet

Frage 171

Frage
A researcher teaches a new book-reading program to caregivers of low-income children and evaluates the language skills of the children before the implementation of the program and one year later. The researcher’s goal is to evaluate whether there is a relationship betweencaregivers’ implementation of the program and children’s growth in language skills. The researcher finds that there is an r = .13 correlational relationship between caregivers’ reported implementation of the program and children’s language skills. What can the researcher safely conclude?
Antworten
  • There is a mildly significant cause-and-effect relationship between the caregivers’ implementation of the program and children’s language skills.
  • There is a strong negative correlation between the caregivers’ implementation of the program and children’s language skills.
  • There is a moderately significant cause-and-effect relationship between the caregivers’ implementation of the program and children’s language skills.
  • There is no significant relationship between the caregivers’ implementation of the program and children’s language skills.
  • There is a strong positive correlation between the caregivers’ implementation of the program and children’s language skills.

Frage 172

Frage
A hospital-based speech–language pathologist is serving increasing numbers of patients with Parkinson’s disease. This clinician, Jason, works to help his patients increase their intelligibility. One way that Jason evaluates the success of the therapy he provides for these patients is to rate their overall intelligibility of speech before and after they participate in 10 weeks of articulation and voice therapy. He finds that the patients appreciate these before-and-after measures of their progress. However, after seeing a number of patients with Parkinson’s disease, Jason realizes that a potential problem with his before-and-after intelligibility ratings is that he has become accustomed to the patients’ speech as he has gotten to know them, and this could be affecting the “after” intelligibility rating. Jason goes to a local university and selects four speech–language pathology graduate students to watch before-and-after videos of his patients and independently rate each patient’s intelligibility. He finds that, happily, the four students’ ratings of the same patients vary little. For example, Student A rates Patient 1 as “90% intelligible after 10 weeks of therapy;” Student B rates Patient 1 as “92% intelligible,” and Students C and D rate this same patient as “88% intelligible.” In this situation, what can one conclude?
Antworten
  • There is low interjudge reliability.
  • There is high interjudge reliability.
  • There is moderate interjudge reliability.
  • There is low intrajudge reliability.
  • There is high intrajudge reliability.

Frage 173

Frage
You have been asked to give an in-service to a group of students who wish to eventually specialize in service delivery to children with cleft palates and their families. The students want to know detailed information about in utero development of the hard and soft palate (among other things). You can accurately tell them that in utero the hard palate fuses between which developmental ages?
Antworten
  • 1–2 weeks
  • 4–6 weeks
  • 8–9 weeks
  • 10–12 weeks
  • 14–18 weeks

Frage 174

Frage
ASHA (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association) regulates professional practice in speech–language pathology and audiology by specifying the scope of practice. According to the existing scope-of-practice documents, which of the following statements is false?
Antworten
  • ASHA does not allow infant feeding by speech–language pathologists (SLPs).
  • Memory and such other cognitive aspects of communication disorders are within the SLP’s scope of practice.
  • SLPs should not treat esophageal-phase swallowing disorders.
  • Counseling is not just the province of psychologists; SLPs, too, can counsel their clients.
  • Sensory awareness training related to swallowing disorders is within the SLP’s scope of practice.

Frage 175

Frage
The Health Insurance and Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) passed by the U.S. Congress mandates certain rules that all health professionals must follow. Of the following statements regarding HIPAA, select the one that is correct.
Antworten
  • Consumers who think their privacy may have been violated by a medical provider can complain only to the provider in question.
  • The law (HIPAA) does not provide for civil or criminal penalties for facilities that misuse patient information.
  • HIPAA regulations apply to hospitals and medical doctors, not to other allied health professionals.
  • HIPAA regulations do not cover electronically transmitted medical records of patients.
  • Medical information about a patient may be shared by other professionals who serve the same patient, but it cannot be released for purposes unrelated to the care of the patient.

Frage 176

Frage
A clinician in a private practice is approached by the parents of Cole, a 5-year-old boy. They want to place Cole in kindergarten in the fall, but they share that “we know there’s something wrong with him; we’re just not sure what.” According to Cole’s parents, he is a “sweet, lovable boy who will go to anybody. He likes to sing a lot, too.” Because the parents live in a rural area, health-care access has been limited. After seeing Cole for the first time, the clinician refers his parents to a neurologist because she suspects that Cole has a syndrome. Cole is small for his age and has an elfin-like appearance characterized by a small chin, turned-up nose, puffiness around the eyes, a long upper lip, and a wide mouth. Cole’s teeth are small and widely spaced. What does the clinician suspect that Cole has?
Antworten
  • Hurler syndrome
  • Apert syndrome
  • Moebius syndrome
  • Cri du chat syndrome
  • Williams síndrome

Frage 177

Frage
Before an SLP initiates voice intervention, it is most important that the SLP gather information about the
Antworten
  • cause of the client’s voice problem
  • client’s breathing patterns
  • client’s oral motor skills
  • fundamental frequency of the client’s laryngeal tone

Frage 178

Frage
A child with discourse problems is most likely to need remediation directed at which of the following?
Antworten
  • Morphology
  • An initial lexicon
  • Gestural communication
  • Cohesive devices

Frage 179

Frage
The sensorimotor integration of the muscles of the lower face depends on which two of the cranial nerves?
Antworten
  • The accessory and hypoglossal
  • The trigeminal and facial
  • The vagus and glossopharyngeal
  • The phrenic and facial

Frage 180

Frage
A 42-year-old client with upper-and lower-extremity weakness and a diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is referred for a speech-language evaluation. The evaluation reveals a progressive severe dysarthria that is characterized by imprecise articulation secondary to bilateral facial and lingual weakness, atrophy, and fasciculations; mild-to-moderate hypernasality and weak pressure consonants with associated nasal emission during speech; and strained, harsh, groaning voice quality with occasional inhalatory stridor. Speech intelligibility is poor. Which of the following will most effectively improve this client’s ability to communicate?
Antworten
  • Teflon injection into one or both vocal cords
  • Palatal-lift prosthesis
  • Amplification device
  • Augmentative communication system

Frage 181

Frage
An SLP sees a college-educated 22-year-old man who has sustained a brain injury as a result of a motor vehicle accident eighteen months earlier. The man was unconscious for five days and had posttraumatic amnesia for three months. In the last year he has held three unskilled jobs, from which he was released for unspecified reasons. Based on the information given, the man’s most pervasive condition is most likely impaired
Antworten
  • visual construction
  • attention and memory
  • speech
  • language
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