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The functions of the urinary system are:
1. [blank_start]volume regulation[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]acid/base balance[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]electrolyte balance[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]elimination of waste[blank_end]
5. [blank_start]Endocrine[blank_end]
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volume regulation
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acid/base balance
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electrolyte balance
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elimination of waste
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Endocrine
Frage 2
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[blank_start]Glomerular filtration[blank_end] is the movement of components of plasma out of the glomereal capillaries into the bowman's capsule.
Frage 3
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The functional urine forming unit in the kidney is the [blank_start]nephron[blank_end].
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Trace plasma from an afferent arteriole until it is excreted from the body as urine.
[blank_start]glomerulus[blank_end]--> [blank_start]bowmans capsule[blank_end] --> [blank_start]Proximal Convoluted Duct[blank_end] --> [blank_start]loop of henle[blank_end] --> [blank_start]Distal convoluted duct[blank_end] --> [blank_start]collecting tubule[blank_end] --> [blank_start]papillae[blank_end] --> [blank_start]minor calyces[blank_end] --> [blank_start]major calyces[blank_end] --> [blank_start]pelvis -[blank_end]-> [blank_start]ureter[blank_end] --> [blank_start]bladder[blank_end] --> [blank_start]urethra[blank_end]
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glomerulus
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bowmans capsule
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Proximal Convoluted Duct
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loop of henle
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Distal convoluted duct
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collecting tubule
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papillae
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minor calyces
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major calyces
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pelvis -
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ureter
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bladder
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urethra
Frage 5
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The rate at which you form glomelular filtrate is [blank_start]GFR[blank_end].
Frage 6
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GFR in the average adult male is:
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120ml/min
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225ml/min
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90-95ml/min
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125ml/min
Frage 7
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GFR in the average adult female is:
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90-95ml/min
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125ml/min
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80-85ml/min
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120ml/min
Frage 8
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The absorption rate of water from glomelular filtrate is [blank_start]99%[blank_end].
Frage 9
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How much of your cardiac output goes to the kidneys?
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30-35%
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20-25%
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10-15%
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5-10%
Frage 10
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If a substance is tubularly reabsorbed, then the amount in the urine is [blank_start]less than[blank_end] the amount in the glomerular filtrate.
Frage 11
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label all the structures of the nephron
Frage 12
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[blank_start]Tubular re-absorption[blank_end] is when you move something form the nephron tubules to the peritubular capillaries. Another way of saying out of the [blank_start]tubule[blank_end] and into the [blank_start]blood[blank_end].
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Tubular re-absorption
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tubule
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blood
Frage 13
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How is glucose sent across membranes?
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re-absorption
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active transport
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osmosis
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glomelular filtration
Frage 14
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Clearing is the ability of the kidney to remove substances from your blood.
Frage 15
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What determines the amount of a substance in glomelular filtrate (ex: glucose)?
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the filtration rate of the same substance
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the concentration of the same substance found in plasma
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permeability of same substance in PCT
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ability of kidney to clear the same substance
Frage 16
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The maximum rate at which a substance can be re-absorbed from the nephron tubules is referred to as the [blank_start]transport maximum[blank_end] for that substance.
Frage 17
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This is a process where a carrier molecule uses ATP to move a molecule across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient. It has a high level of specificity.
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facilitated diffusion
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exocytosis
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active transport
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diffusion
Frage 18
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If glucose is found in your urine is it called [blank_start]glucosuria[blank_end] or [blank_start]glycosuria[blank_end].
Frage 19
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The [blank_start]renal plasma threshold[blank_end] is the plasma level at which something starts to appear in your urine.
Frage 20
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If a patient has glucosuria what do you already know about his plasma glucose level?
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his plasma has exceeded the renal plasma threshold level of 180mg/100ml of blood.
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the patient is diabetic and is not producing proper amounts of insulin.
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there is no way to determine anything about his plasma glucose level at this point.
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the patient is spilling glucose in his urine because his afferent arteriole is blocked and not allowing the glomerulus to filter to the bowman's capsule.
Frage 21
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Amino acids should be present in your urine.
Frage 22
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[blank_start]Amino acids[blank_end] are actively transported in the tubules and are needed so that your body can make [blank_start]proteins[blank_end].
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Amino acids
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Potassium ions
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Nucleic acids
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proteins
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electolytes
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DNA and RNA
Frage 23
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It is called [blank_start]aminoaciduria[blank_end] when amino acids are found in your urine. The most common type of this is [blank_start]cystine[blank_end].
Frage 24
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When substances "fall out of solution" or become too concentrated they [blank_start]precipitate[blank_end].
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The major nitrogenous waste in humans is [blank_start]urea[blank_end].
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Urea is produced primarily in the [blank_start]deamination of amino acids[blank_end].
Frage 27
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The clinical estimate of urea in blood is called your [blank_start]blood urea nitrogen[blank_end] level or [blank_start]BUN[blank_end].
Frage 28
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Why would your BUN level increase when you have a disease?
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Because the kidneys are not functioning at full capacity and are unable to clear the nitrogen from your system properly
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during a disease there is a significant number of cells that are damaged and dying. They are made up of proteins which is a nitrogenous waste and thus your BUN will rise.
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during the disease process the inflammatory process produces greater amounts of nitrogen therefor increase blood nitrogen levels.
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your BUN will not increase when you have a disease.
Frage 29
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Urine is basically glomelular filtrate minus everything you decided to re-absorb or uptake.
Frage 30
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the hormone promoting Na+ retention by the kidney is [blank_start]aldosterone[blank_end].
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aldosterone
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ADH
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adrenal norepinephrine
Frage 31
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The hormone [blank_start]aldosterone[blank_end] comes from a gland on top of the kidneys called the [blank_start]adrenals[blank_end].
Frage 32
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Only about 20% of your nephrons are called [blank_start]jextamedullary[blank_end] nephrons.
Frage 33
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The juxtamedullary nephrons have a __________ that projects way down into the tip of the pyramid and the remaining nephrons are called cortica nephrons because they primarily lie within the __________ .
Frage 34
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solute=[blank_start]dissolve e[blank_end] and solvent= [blank_start]dis-solver[blank_end]
Frage 35
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This type of solution has a higher solute than the comparative solution.
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hypotonic
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osmotic
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hypertonic
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homogeneous
Frage 36
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Cells placed in hypertonic solution would be expected to [blank_start]shrink[blank_end].
Frage 37
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Molecules going from an area of high solvent to low solvent through a semi-permeable membrane is called [blank_start]osmosis[blank_end].
Frage 38
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Freshwater fish live in a hypotonic environment. They generally have a problem with water [blank_start]gain[blank_end].
Frage 39
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Medullary fluids of the kidney are [blank_start]hypertonic[blank_end] to most body fluids.
Frage 40
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Solutes are concentrated in the medullary fluids of the kidney by the [blank_start]counter current multiplier[blank_end] mechanism.
Frage 41
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Water goes from hypotonic solutions to hypertonic solutions because tonicity is determined by the solute.
Frage 42
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Sodium retention generally has the effect of [blank_start]raising[blank_end] blood potassium levels.
Frage 43
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Does facilitated diffusion utilize ATP?
Frage 44
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We control urine concentration by the counter current multiplier mechanism.
Frage 45
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What separates the cortex from the medulla?
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base of pyramid
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cortico medullary line
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medullary cortex
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loop of henle
Frage 46
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The cortex of the kidney is what in relationship to the body?
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hypotonic
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ionic
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isotonic
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hypertonic
Frage 47
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The [blank_start]ascending[blank_end] loop of henle has a [blank_start]thicker[blank_end] membrane that is [blank_start]impermeable[blank_end] to water and therefore osmosis [blank_start]can not[blank_end] occur. Salt is then removed from the tubular fluid by means of [blank_start]active transport[blank_end] and the fluid is now more [blank_start]dilute[blank_end].
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ascending
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descending
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thicker
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thinner
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impermeable
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permeable
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can not
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does
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active transport
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fascilitated diffusion
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dilute
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concentrated
Frage 48
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When urine reaches the top of ascending loop of hele what level of concentration is it in proportion to your bodily fluids?
Frage 49
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Highest level of dilute you can get urine is [blank_start]1/3[blank_end] that of bodily fluids and the highest level of concentration is [blank_start]4[blank_end] times that of normal bodily fluids.
Frage 50
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What gives the medullary portion of the kidney it's hypertonicity?
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the cortico medullary line because as the fluid passes through solutes are removed
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the collecting tubule where solutes spill over into the medulla
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none of these
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the ascending portion of the loop of henle where salt is actively transported and the osmotic capibility of the descending loop of henle or more simply put it is because of the counter current multiplier mechanism.
Frage 51
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The [blank_start]DCT[blank_end] and collecting tubule have [blank_start]water[blank_end] pores that allow for further control of urine concentration. If the pores are open the urine is more [blank_start]concentrated[blank_end] and if the pores are closed the urine will be [blank_start]diluted[blank_end].
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DCT
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PCT
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water
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salt
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concentrated
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dilute
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diluted
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concentrated
Frage 52
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The hormone that controls your water pores in the DCT and collecting tubule is [blank_start]anti diuretic hormone[blank_end] also known as [blank_start]ADH[blank_end].
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anti diuretic hormone
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ADH
Frage 53
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Vasopressin is another word for ADH and it is stored and released by your posterior pituitary.
Frage 54
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ADH is [blank_start]against[blank_end] diuresis because it [blank_start]decreases[blank_end] urine volume and [blank_start]increases[blank_end] urine concentration.
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against
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for
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decreases
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increases
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increases
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decreases
Frage 55
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ADH [blank_start]opens[blank_end] the water pores of the DCT and collecting tubules.
Frage 56
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At night your production of ADH goes [blank_start]up[blank_end].
Frage 57
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[blank_start]Glomerular filtrate[blank_end] is made up of everything that is in plasma except for the [blank_start]plasma proteins[blank_end].
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Glomerular filtrate
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plasma proteins