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Psychology Final Exam study guide

Beschreibung

everything that needs to be known
Mark Caballero
Quiz von Mark Caballero, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
Mark Caballero
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Frage 1

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Studying people of all races and cultures is most helpful for
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  • discerning human similarities and differences.
  • avoiding operational definitions.
  • making psychology free of value judgments.
  • To make Psychology less complicated

Frage 2

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Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between
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  • Childhood memories and psychological disorders.
  • Philosophy and phsiology
  • natural selection and genetic predispositions.
  • thought process and brain functions

Frage 3

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Clinical psychologists specialize in
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  • providing drugs to treat behavioral disorders.
  • providing therapy to troubled people.
  • animal research.
  • constructing surveys

Frage 4

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the specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a
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  • clinical psychologist.
  • psychiatrist
  • personality psychologist
  • developmental psychologist

Frage 5

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correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors
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  • vary together.
  • influence each other
  • are random samples
  • are dependent variables

Frage 6

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A correlation between physical attractiveness and dating frequency of +1.00 would indicate that
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  • it is impossible to predict levels of physical attractiveness based on knowledge of dating frequency.
  • more frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness.
  • less frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness.
  • physical attractiveness has no causal influence on dating frequency.

Frage 7

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Political officials who have no doubt that their own economic and military predictions will come true most clearly demonstrate
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  • overconfidence.
  • hindsight bias
  • the placebo effect
  • random sampling

Frage 8

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Being randomly assigned to the experimental group in a research project involves being assigned
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  • to the group in which participants all have similar personalities.
  • in a way that ensures that the independent variable will affect the dependent variable.
  • to that group by chance.
  • to the group in which participants are representative of people in general.

Frage 9

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Early psychologists such as Wilhelm Wundt and William James focused on the study of
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  • unconscious motives.
  • conditioned responses
  • mental processes
  • clinical psychology

Frage 10

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A statement describing the exact procedures for measuring an anticipated experimental outcome is known as a(n)
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  • control condition
  • hypothesis
  • replication
  • operational definition

Frage 11

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Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking?
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  • overconfidence
  • random assignment
  • the double-blind procedure
  • operational definitions

Frage 12

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Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's
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  • genetic predispositions
  • childhood memories
  • unconscious thought processes
  • potential for healthy growth.

Frage 13

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From the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of
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  • unconscious conflicts
  • conscious thoughts and feelings
  • observable behavior
  • genetic influences

Frage 14

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The nature–nurture issue refers to the debate over the relative contributions that ________ make to the development of psychological traits.
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  • massed practice and spaced practice
  • genes and experience
  • unconscious and conscious motives
  • behavior and mental processes

Frage 15

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Our tendency to believe we know more than we do illustrates
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  • random assignment
  • overconfidence
  • the placebo effect
  • naturalistic observation

Frage 16

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The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it
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  • overestimates the importance of operational definitions.
  • is based on naturalistic observation.
  • may be unrepresentative of what is generally true.
  • leads us to underestimate the causal relationships between events.

Frage 17

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The placebo effect best illustrates the impact of ________ on feelings and behaviors.
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  • the double-blind procedure
  • random sampling
  • hindsight bias
  • positive expectations

Frage 18

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Critical thinking is smart thinking that involves
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  • debriefing
  • evaluating evidence
  • case study
  • informed consent

Frage 19

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A biological psychologist would be most interested in conducting research on the relationship between
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  • genetics and eye color
  • bone density and body size
  • self-esteem and popularity
  • neurotransmitters and depression

Frage 20

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Auditory stimulation is first processed in the ________ lobes.
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  • temporal
  • frontal
  • occipital
  • parietal

Frage 21

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Information is carried from the central nervous system to the body's tissues by
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  • sensory neurons
  • interneurons
  • glial cells
  • motor neurons

Frage 22

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The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together to keep you in a steady internal state called
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  • reuptake.
  • an action potential
  • polarization
  • homeostasis

Frage 23

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Neurotransmitters are released from knob-like terminals at the end of the
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  • cell body.
  • myelin sheath
  • axon
  • dendrites

Frage 24

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Environmental influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing
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  • . identical twins raised apart with fraternal twins raised together.
  • identical twins raised together with identical twins raised apart
  • identical twins raised together with fraternal twins raised together.
  • identical twins raised together with fraternal twins raised apart.

Frage 25

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An evolutionary psychologist would suggest that people are genetically predisposed to Select one:
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  • fear dangerous animals
  • love their own children
  • seek healthy looking mates
  • do all of these things

Frage 26

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neural networks refer to
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  • neural cables containing many axons
  • the branching extensions of a neuron
  • junctions between sending and receiving neurons
  • interrelated clusters of neurons in the central nervous system

Frage 27

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Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex?
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  • cerebellum
  • thalamus
  • amygdala
  • medulla

Frage 28

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If your ________ is destroyed, the left side of your brain could not control the movements of your right hand.
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  • amygdala
  • corpus callosum
  • hippocampus
  • brainstem

Frage 29

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The impact of our cultural backgrounds on the development of our personal values best illustrates
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  • mutations.
  • natural selection.
  • environmental influences
  • heredity.

Frage 30

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The part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is called the
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  • thalamus.
  • cerebellum.
  • medulla
  • amygdala

Frage 31

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A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called
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  • reuptake
  • the action potential
  • the synapse
  • polarization

Frage 32

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The principle of natural selection was first advanced by
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  • Lyudmila trut
  • dimitry belyaev
  • Richard dawkins
  • charles darwin

Frage 33

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The central nervous system consists of
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  • somatic and autonomic systems.
  • . sensory and motor neurons.
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.
  • the brain and the spinal cord.

Frage 34

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A synapse is a(n)
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  • chemical messenger that triggers muscle contractions.
  • neural cable containing many axons
  • junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron.
  • automatic response to sensory input

Frage 35

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The two major divisions of the nervous system are the central and the ________ nervous systems.
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  • somatic
  • peripheral
  • autonomic
  • sympathetic

Frage 36

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An axon is
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  • the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body.
  • a layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibers of many neurons.
  • a cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system.
  • a molecule that blocks neurotransmitter receptor sites.

Frage 37

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The part of the brainstem that helps to coordinate movements is called the
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  • nucleus accumbens
  • corpus callosum.
  • pons
  • amygdala.

Frage 38

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The parasympathetic nervous system
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  • stimulates digestion and accelerates heartbeat.
  • inhibits digestion and accelerates heartbeat.
  • inhibits digestion and slows heartbeat.
  • stimulates digestion and slows heartbeat.

Frage 39

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Gender identity refers to
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  • the set of expected behaviors for males or for females.
  • the sense of being male or female.
  • one's biological sex.
  • how masculine a boy is or how feminine a girl is.

Frage 40

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Mr. Eskenazi frowns when his son cries but hugs his daughter when she cries. Which of the following most clearly highlights Mr. Eskenazi's gender typing of his children?
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  • evolutionary psychology
  • cognitive neuroscience
  • social learning theory
  • Freudian psychology

Frage 41

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A boy who exhibits traditionally masculine interests and behavior patterns demonstrates the influence of
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  • puberty.
  • gender typing.
  • primary sex characteristics
  • the X chromosome.

Frage 42

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When teased by his older sister, 9-year-old Vijay does not cry because he has learned that boys are not expected to. Vijay's behavior best illustrates the importance of
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  • gender identity.
  • menarche.
  • testosterone.
  • gender roles

Frage 43

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Children tend to organize their worlds into male and female categories. This best illustrates the importance of
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  • the Y chromosome.
  • gender schemas
  • primary sex characteristics.
  • testosterone.

Frage 44

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Compared with men, women experience a greater risk of
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  • eating disorders
  • antisocial personality disorders.
  • color blindness.
  • autism

Frage 45

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Gender typing refers to the acquisition of
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  • a traditional masculine or feminine role.
  • secondary sex characteristics.
  • expected behaviors for males or for females.
  • a sense of being either male or female.

Frage 46

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The belief that boys are more independent than girls is a
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  • gender schema
  • gender identity.
  • gender role.
  • gender type.

Frage 47

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A gender role refers to
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  • a sense of being male or female.
  • a set of expected behaviors for males or for females.
  • a sense of being transgender.
  • one's birth sex.

Frage 48

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Compared with females, males use conversation to
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  • obtain feedback on their views.
  • offer support.
  • explore relationships.
  • communicate solutions

Frage 49

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Compared with boys, girls are more likely to play in ________ groups.
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  • small
  • unsupervised
  • mixed age
  • comeptitive

Frage 50

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The roles assigned to women and men
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  • have been pretty much the same in all historical time periods.
  • differ widely across cultures
  • are pretty much the same in all cultures.
  • differ widely across historical time periods but not across cultures.

Frage 51

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A study of phone communication in France indicated that women make ________ phone calls than men and stay connected for a ________ period of time when talking to other women than men do when talking to other men.
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  • fewer; shorter
  • fewer; longer
  • more; longer
  • more; shorter

Frage 52

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Social learning theory emphasizes that
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  • observation and imitation play a crucial role in the gender-typing process.
  • children only learn gender-typed behaviors if they have been directly rewarded for them.
  • children will not learn gender-typed behaviors if the same-sex parent is absent from the home.
  • all of these statements are true.

Frage 53

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Although Wendy is genetically male, she dresses in women's clothes in order to express her strong sense of identity as a female. Wendy could best be described as
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  • asexual
  • bisexual
  • transgender
  • intersex

Frage 54

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The first appearance of secondary sex characteristics is most likely to be associated with the onset of
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  • the x chromosome
  • gender identity
  • puberty
  • transgender

Frage 55

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Maturation refers to
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  • biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience.
  • any learned behavior patterns that accompany personal growth and development
  • the acquisition of socially acceptable behaviors.
  • the physical and sexual development of early adolescence.

Frage 56

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According to Piaget, accommodation refers to
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  • parental efforts to include new children in the existing family structure.
  • incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.
  • adjusting current schemas to make sense of new experiences.
  • developmental changes in a child's behavior that facilitate social acceptance by family and peers.

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Who are likely to show the greatest similarity in temperament?
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  • Ruth and Ramona, identical twins
  • Larry and Laura, brother and sister
  • Vincent Sr. and Vincent Jr., father and son
  • Philip and Paul, fraternal twins

Frage 58

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A child's temperament is likely to be
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  • a product of parenting style.
  • stable over time.
  • a reflection of his or her thinking.
  • Difficulty: Difficult to observe.

Frage 59

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According to Erikson, adolescence is to identity as late adulthood is to
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  • integrity
  • autonomy
  • intimacy
  • generativity

Frage 60

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At age 12, Sean is happy, self-reliant, and has a positive self-image. It is most likely that Sean's parents are
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  • authoritarian.
  • authoritative
  • conservative.
  • permissive.

Frage 61

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Babies are born with several reflexes for getting food. One of these is to
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  • withdraw a limb to escape pain.
  • look longer at face-like images.
  • open the mouth in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek.
  • turn the head away from a cloth placed over the face.

Frage 62

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Brad and Jane exercise very little control over their two young children, and they usually allow them to do whatever they want. Psychologists would characterize Brad and Jane as ________ parents.
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  • conventional
  • permissive
  • authoritative
  • authoritarian

Frage 63

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Cognition refers to
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  • any process of change that accompanies maturation.
  • any process that facilitates the physical development of the brain.
  • the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
  • an emotional tie linking one person with another.

Frage 64

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Most victims of childhood sexual abuse become normal adults. This best illustrates
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  • object permanence.
  • egocentrism.
  • resilience.
  • conservation.

Frage 65

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Erik Erikson suggested that the major psychosocial task of middle adulthood was to discover a sense of contributing to the world by being productive. According to Erikson, those who do this effectively demonstrate
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  • generativity.
  • intuition.
  • integrity.
  • autonomy

Frage 66

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According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents ________ morality.
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  • preconventional
  • concrete operational
  • postconventional
  • conventional

Frage 67

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Lawrence Kohlberg focused on the development of
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  • moral intuitions.
  • moral reasoning
  • the achievement of identity.
  • self-awareness.

Frage 68

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According to Erikson, teens who suffer role confusion have not yet
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  • achieved a sense of autonomy.
  • solidified a sense of identity
  • strived for a sense of competence.
  • experienced a sense of basic trust.

Frage 69

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According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to
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  • a failure to realize that things continue to exist even when they are not visible.
  • the difficulty perceiving things from another person's point of view.
  • young children's exaggerated interest in themselves and their own pleasure.
  • a sensorimotor need for self-stimulation, as evidenced in thumb sucking.

Frage 70

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The cocktail party effect provides an example of
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  • change blindness.
  • hypnagogic sensations.
  • selective attention
  • REM rebound.

Frage 71

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a disinhibitor is a substance that makes you less impulsive
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  • True
  • False

Frage 72

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Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ________ drugs.
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  • neurotransmitter
  • disinhibition
  • neuroadaptive
  • psychoactive

Frage 73

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Stereotypes are mental conceptions that can strongly influence the way we interpret the behaviors of individuals belonging to specific racial or ethnic groups. A stereotype is most similar to a
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  • signal detector.
  • sensory adaptation.
  • perceptual set
  • difference threshold.

Frage 74

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Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes is called
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  • top-down processing
  • prosopagnosia.
  • signal detection.
  • priming.

Frage 75

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Patients who have negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure may experience increased postoperative pain. This best illustrates the importance of
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  • top-down processing.
  • difference thresholds.
  • sensory adaptation.
  • priming.

Frage 76

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For some people, hearing certain sounds may activate color-sensitive regions of the cortex so as to trigger a sensation of color. This phenomenon is called
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  • telepathy.
  • kinesthesis.
  • synesthesia
  • tinnitus.

Frage 77

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A gestalt is best described as a(n)
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  • binocular cue.
  • illusion.
  • monocular cue.
  • organized whole.

Frage 78

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Parapsychology refers to the
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  • study of synesthesia.
  • study of phenomena such as ESP and psychokinesis
  • direct transmission of thoughts from one mind to another.
  • study of perceptual illusions.

Frage 79

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Our sense of the position and movement of individual body parts is called
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  • olfaction.
  • the vestibular sense.
  • sensory interaction.
  • kinesthesis

Frage 80

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Rods are
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  • less light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones.
  • more light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones
  • less light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than are cones.
  • more light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than are cones.

Frage 81

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Which receptor cells most directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light?
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  • feature detectors
  • bipolar cells
  • rods
  • cones

Frage 82

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Accommodation refers to the
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  • process by which the lens changes shape to focus images on the retina.
  • process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural messages.
  • quivering eye movements that enable the retina to detect continuous stimulation.
  • diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.

Frage 83

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A mental set is most likely to inhibit
Antworten
  • confirmation bias.
  • belief perseverance.
  • overconfidence.
  • creativity.

Frage 84

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Experts would agree that intelligence is mental ability to learn from experience.
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  • True
  • False

Frage 85

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A person who can imagine many alternative uses of a paper clip best illustrates
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  • insight.
  • divergent thinking
  • convergent thinking.
  • intuition.

Frage 86

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The heritability of intelligence refers to
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  • the extent to which the distribution of intelligence scores of a group approximates a normal curve.
  • the proportion of variation in intelligence among individuals that is attributable to genetic variation.
  • the extent to which an individual's intelligence is attributable to genetic factors.
  • a general underlying intelligence factor that is measured by every task on an intelligence test.

Frage 87

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A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people is a(n)
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  • concept.
  • heuristic.
  • prototype.
  • algorithm.

Frage 88

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People with opposing views of capital punishment reviewed mixed evidence regarding its effectiveness as a crime deterrent. As a result, their opposing views differed more strongly than ever. This best illustrates
Antworten
  • mental set.
  • the availability heuristic.
  • the framing effect.
  • belief perseverance.

Frage 89

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Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as “75 percent lean” than to ground beef described as “25 percent fat.” This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by
Antworten
  • confirmation bias.
  • framing.
  • the availability heuristic.
  • belief perseverance.

Frage 90

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Semantics refers to the
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  • early speech stage in which a child speaks in two-word sentences.
  • rules by which we derive meaning from sounds.
  • ability to understand what is said to us.
  • orderly arrangement of words into grammatically correct sentences.

Frage 91

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Conditioning is the process of
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  • discrimination.
  • observational learning.
  • spontaneous recovery.
  • learning associations.

Frage 92

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In classical conditioning, generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the
Antworten
  • unconditioned reinforcer
  • unconditioned stimulus.
  • conditioned reinforcer.
  • conditioned stimulus.

Frage 93

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A child learns to stop fighting with his brother when the fight leads to suspension of the child's TV-viewing privileges. In this case, the suspension of TV-viewing privileges is a
Antworten
  • positive reinforcer.
  • negative reinforcer.
  • positive punishment.
  • negative punishment.

Frage 94

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Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)
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  • positive reinforcer
  • negative reinforcer.

Frage 95

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Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)
Antworten
  • negative reinforcer
  • positive reinforcer.

Frage 96

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Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of
Antworten
  • associative learning
  • continuous reinforcement.
  • modeling.
  • respondent behavior.

Frage 97

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A mnemonic is a
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  • long-term memory.
  • memory aid.
  • sensory memory.
  • test or measure of memory.

Frage 98

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chunking refers to the organization of information in to large groups not meaningful ones
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 99

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process of encoding refers to getting info into memory
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 100

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process of getting info out of memory is called
Antworten
  • retrieval
  • ejection
  • extraction
  • memory taking

Frage 101

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Elevated levels of stress hormones most clearly contribute to developing
Antworten
  • source amnesia.
  • flashbulb memories
  • amnesia.

Frage 102

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Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates
Antworten
  • motivated forgetting
  • retrograde amnesia.
  • source amnesia.

Frage 103

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Conscious rehearsal of what you just heard a friend tell you requires
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  • implicit memory.
  • working memory.
  • deep processing.
  • automatic processing.

Frage 104

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Retention of skills and classically conditioned associations without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory.
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  • implicit
  • sensory.
  • short-term

Frage 105

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According to Freud, the unconscious is
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  • a reservoir of deeply repressed memories that does not affect behavior.
  • the part of personality that cannot process information.
  • the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware.
  • a set of universal concepts acquired by all humans from our common past.

Frage 106

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The MMPI is an example of a(n)
Antworten
  • personality inventory
  • self-esteem test.
  • projective test.

Frage 107

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In response to stress, the adrenal glands release
Antworten
  • epinephrine.
  • serotonin

Frage 108

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Psychologists define stress as
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  • physical, emotional, or mental exhaustion.
  • the process by which we appraise and respond to threatening or challenging events.

Frage 109

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A general sense of happiness or life satisfaction is most unrelated to whether people
Antworten
  • sleep well.
  • have an active religious faith.
  • are young or old.
  • have a happy marriage.

Frage 110

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One of the major pillars of the positive psychology movement involves the study of
Antworten
  • character strengths
  • the relaxation response.
  • self-control.

Frage 111

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Rats that received electric shocks were unlikely to develop ulcers if the
Antworten
  • rats could control the termination of the shocks.
  • shocks became a routine part of the rats' daily life.
  • shocks were systematically associated with the delivery of appetizing food.

Frage 112

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Subjective well-being refers to
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  • self-perceived happiness
  • emotional-focused coping.

Frage 113

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An aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need is called a(n)
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  • instinct.
  • drive.

Frage 114

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The James-Lange theory of emotion states that
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  • to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event.
  • an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers both physiological arousal and the subjective experience of emotion.
  • the expression of emotion reduces our level of physiological arousal.
  • to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and able to cognitively label the emotion.

Frage 115

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Maslow referred to the needs for purpose and meaning that lie beyond the self as
Antworten
  • self-transcendence needs.
  • self-actualization needs.

Frage 116

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A disorder in which a person loses contact with reality and experiences irrational ideas and disordered perceptions is a
Antworten
  • psychosis.
  • dissociation.

Frage 117

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In which type of disorder is a person's speech likely to be so full of unrelated words and phrases that it could be characterized as a “word salad”?
Antworten
  • schizophrenia
  • panic disorder

Frage 118

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The onset of schizophrenia is typically associated with early
Antworten
  • adulthood
  • adolescence.
  • childhood.
  • infancy.

Frage 119

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Exhibiting two or more distinct and alternating personalities is a symptom of a(n)
Antworten
  • dissociative disorder
  • antisocial personality disorder.

Frage 120

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A basic element of all effective psychotherapies is the
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  • escape from real-life pressures offered by psychotherapy
  • client's expectation that psychotherapy will make things better.
  • professional training and experience of the therapist.

Frage 121

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A central therapeutic technique of psychoanalysis is
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  • active listening.
  • free association
  • operant conditioning

Frage 122

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A therapist who takes an eclectic approach is one who
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  • uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches.
  • prefers to engage in therapy in a group setting.
  • emphasizes that active listening is the major technique in all effective therapies.

Frage 123

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Counterconditioning techniques for replacing unwanted responses are
Antworten
  • systematic desensitization and free association.
  • aversive conditioning and exposure therapies.
  • unconditional positive regard and transference.

Frage 124

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Humanistic therapists are likely to teach clients to
Antworten
  • focus more on other people's feelings than on their own.
  • take more responsibility for their own feelings and actions
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