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Studying people of all races and cultures is most helpful for
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discerning human similarities and differences.
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avoiding operational definitions.
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making psychology free of value judgments.
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To make Psychology less complicated
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Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between
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Childhood memories and psychological disorders.
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Philosophy and phsiology
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natural selection and genetic predispositions.
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thought process and brain functions
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Clinical psychologists specialize in
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the specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a
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correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors
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vary together.
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influence each other
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are random samples
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are dependent variables
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A correlation between physical attractiveness and dating frequency of +1.00 would indicate that
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it is impossible to predict levels of physical attractiveness based on knowledge of dating frequency.
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more frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness.
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less frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness.
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physical attractiveness has no causal influence on dating frequency.
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Political officials who have no doubt that their own economic and military predictions will come true most clearly demonstrate
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overconfidence.
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hindsight bias
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the placebo effect
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random sampling
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Being randomly assigned to the experimental group in a research project involves being assigned
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to the group in which participants all have similar personalities.
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in a way that ensures that the independent variable will affect the dependent variable.
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to that group by chance.
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to the group in which participants are representative of people in general.
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Early psychologists such as Wilhelm Wundt and William James focused on the study of
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unconscious motives.
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conditioned responses
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mental processes
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clinical psychology
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A statement describing the exact procedures for measuring an anticipated experimental outcome is known as a(n)
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control condition
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hypothesis
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replication
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operational definition
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Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking?
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Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's
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From the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of
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The nature–nurture issue refers to the debate over the relative contributions that ________ make to the development of psychological traits.
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massed practice and spaced practice
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genes and experience
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unconscious and conscious motives
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behavior and mental processes
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Our tendency to believe we know more than we do illustrates
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random assignment
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overconfidence
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the placebo effect
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naturalistic observation
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The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it
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overestimates the importance of operational definitions.
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is based on naturalistic observation.
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may be unrepresentative of what is generally true.
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leads us to underestimate the causal relationships between events.
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The placebo effect best illustrates the impact of ________ on feelings and behaviors.
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Critical thinking is smart thinking that involves
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debriefing
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evaluating evidence
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case study
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informed consent
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A biological psychologist would be most interested in conducting research on the relationship between
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genetics and eye color
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bone density and body size
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self-esteem and popularity
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neurotransmitters and depression
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Auditory stimulation is first processed in the ________ lobes.
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temporal
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frontal
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occipital
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parietal
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Information is carried from the central nervous system to the body's tissues by
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sensory neurons
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interneurons
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glial cells
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motor neurons
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The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together to keep you in a steady internal state called
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reuptake.
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an action potential
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polarization
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homeostasis
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Neurotransmitters are released from knob-like terminals at the end of the
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cell body.
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myelin sheath
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axon
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dendrites
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Environmental influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing
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. identical twins raised apart with fraternal twins raised together.
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identical twins raised together with identical twins raised apart
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identical twins raised together with fraternal twins raised together.
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identical twins raised together with fraternal twins raised apart.
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An evolutionary psychologist would suggest that people are genetically predisposed to
Select one:
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neural networks refer to
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neural cables containing many axons
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the branching extensions of a neuron
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junctions between sending and receiving neurons
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interrelated clusters of neurons in the central nervous system
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Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex?
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cerebellum
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thalamus
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amygdala
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medulla
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If your ________ is destroyed, the left side of your brain could not control the movements of your right hand.
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amygdala
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corpus callosum
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hippocampus
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brainstem
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The impact of our cultural backgrounds on the development of our personal values best illustrates
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mutations.
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natural selection.
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environmental influences
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heredity.
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The part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is called the
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thalamus.
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cerebellum.
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medulla
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amygdala
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A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called
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reuptake
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the action potential
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the synapse
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polarization
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The principle of natural selection was first advanced by
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Lyudmila trut
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dimitry belyaev
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Richard dawkins
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charles darwin
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The central nervous system consists of
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somatic and autonomic systems.
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. sensory and motor neurons.
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sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.
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the brain and the spinal cord.
Frage 34
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chemical messenger that triggers muscle contractions.
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neural cable containing many axons
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junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron.
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automatic response to sensory input
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The two major divisions of the nervous system are the central and the ________ nervous systems.
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somatic
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peripheral
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autonomic
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sympathetic
Frage 36
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the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body.
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a layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibers of many neurons.
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a cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system.
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a molecule that blocks neurotransmitter receptor sites.
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The part of the brainstem that helps to coordinate movements is called the
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nucleus accumbens
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corpus callosum.
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pons
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amygdala.
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The parasympathetic nervous system
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stimulates digestion and accelerates heartbeat.
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inhibits digestion and accelerates heartbeat.
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inhibits digestion and slows heartbeat.
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stimulates digestion and slows heartbeat.
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Gender identity refers to
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the set of expected behaviors for males or for females.
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the sense of being male or female.
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one's biological sex.
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how masculine a boy is or how feminine a girl is.
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Mr. Eskenazi frowns when his son cries but hugs his daughter when she cries. Which of the following most clearly highlights Mr. Eskenazi's gender typing of his children?
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evolutionary psychology
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cognitive neuroscience
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social learning theory
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Freudian psychology
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A boy who exhibits traditionally masculine interests and behavior patterns demonstrates the influence of
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When teased by his older sister, 9-year-old Vijay does not cry because he has learned that boys are not expected to. Vijay's behavior best illustrates the importance of
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gender identity.
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menarche.
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testosterone.
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gender roles
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Children tend to organize their worlds into male and female categories. This best illustrates the importance of
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Compared with men, women experience a greater risk of
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Gender typing refers to the acquisition of
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a traditional masculine or feminine role.
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secondary sex characteristics.
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expected behaviors for males or for females.
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a sense of being either male or female.
Frage 46
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The belief that boys are more independent than girls is a
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gender schema
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gender identity.
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gender role.
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gender type.
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A gender role refers to
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a sense of being male or female.
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a set of expected behaviors for males or for females.
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a sense of being transgender.
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one's birth sex.
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Compared with females, males use conversation to
Frage 49
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Compared with boys, girls are more likely to play in ________ groups.
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small
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unsupervised
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mixed age
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comeptitive
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The roles assigned to women and men
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have been pretty much the same in all historical time periods.
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differ widely across cultures
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are pretty much the same in all cultures.
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differ widely across historical time periods but not across cultures.
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A study of phone communication in France indicated that women make ________ phone calls than men and stay connected for a ________ period of time when talking to other women than men do when talking to other men.
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fewer; shorter
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fewer; longer
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more; longer
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more; shorter
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Social learning theory emphasizes that
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observation and imitation play a crucial role in the gender-typing process.
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children only learn gender-typed behaviors if they have been directly rewarded for them.
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children will not learn gender-typed behaviors if the same-sex parent is absent from the home.
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all of these statements are true.
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Although Wendy is genetically male, she dresses in women's clothes in order to express her strong sense of identity as a female. Wendy could best be described as
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asexual
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bisexual
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transgender
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intersex
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The first appearance of secondary sex characteristics is most likely to be associated with the onset of
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the x chromosome
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gender identity
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puberty
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transgender
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Maturation refers to
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biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience.
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any learned behavior patterns that accompany personal growth and development
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the acquisition of socially acceptable behaviors.
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the physical and sexual development of early adolescence.
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According to Piaget, accommodation refers to
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parental efforts to include new children in the existing family structure.
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incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.
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adjusting current schemas to make sense of new experiences.
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developmental changes in a child's behavior that facilitate social acceptance by family and peers.
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Who are likely to show the greatest similarity in temperament?
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Ruth and Ramona, identical twins
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Larry and Laura, brother and sister
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Vincent Sr. and Vincent Jr., father and son
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Philip and Paul, fraternal twins
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A child's temperament is likely to be
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a product of parenting style.
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stable over time.
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a reflection of his or her thinking.
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Difficulty: Difficult to observe.
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According to Erikson, adolescence is to identity as late adulthood is to
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integrity
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autonomy
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intimacy
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generativity
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At age 12, Sean is happy, self-reliant, and has a positive self-image. It is most likely that Sean's parents are
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authoritarian.
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authoritative
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conservative.
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permissive.
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Babies are born with several reflexes for getting food. One of these is to
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withdraw a limb to escape pain.
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look longer at face-like images.
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open the mouth in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek.
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turn the head away from a cloth placed over the face.
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Brad and Jane exercise very little control over their two young children, and they usually allow them to do whatever they want. Psychologists would characterize Brad and Jane as ________ parents.
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conventional
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permissive
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authoritative
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authoritarian
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Cognition refers to
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any process of change that accompanies maturation.
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any process that facilitates the physical development of the brain.
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the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
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an emotional tie linking one person with another.
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Most victims of childhood sexual abuse become normal adults. This best illustrates
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object permanence.
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egocentrism.
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resilience.
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conservation.
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Erik Erikson suggested that the major psychosocial task of middle adulthood was to discover a sense of contributing to the world by being productive. According to Erikson, those who do this effectively demonstrate
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generativity.
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intuition.
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integrity.
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autonomy
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According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents ________ morality.
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preconventional
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concrete operational
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postconventional
-
conventional
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Lawrence Kohlberg focused on the development of
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According to Erikson, teens who suffer role confusion have not yet
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achieved a sense of autonomy.
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solidified a sense of identity
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strived for a sense of competence.
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experienced a sense of basic trust.
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According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to
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a failure to realize that things continue to exist even when they are not visible.
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the difficulty perceiving things from another person's point of view.
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young children's exaggerated interest in themselves and their own pleasure.
-
a sensorimotor need for self-stimulation, as evidenced in thumb sucking.
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The cocktail party effect provides an example of
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change blindness.
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hypnagogic sensations.
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selective attention
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REM rebound.
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a disinhibitor is a substance that makes you less impulsive
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Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ________ drugs.
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neurotransmitter
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disinhibition
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neuroadaptive
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psychoactive
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Stereotypes are mental conceptions that can strongly influence the way we interpret the behaviors of individuals belonging to specific racial or ethnic groups. A stereotype is most similar to a
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signal detector.
-
sensory adaptation.
-
perceptual set
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difference threshold.
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Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes is called
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top-down processing
-
prosopagnosia.
-
signal detection.
-
priming.
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Patients who have negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure may experience increased postoperative pain. This best illustrates the importance of
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top-down processing.
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difference thresholds.
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sensory adaptation.
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priming.
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For some people, hearing certain sounds may activate color-sensitive regions of the cortex so as to trigger a sensation of color. This phenomenon is called
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telepathy.
-
kinesthesis.
-
synesthesia
-
tinnitus.
Frage 77
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A gestalt is best described as a(n)
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binocular cue.
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illusion.
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monocular cue.
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organized whole.
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Parapsychology refers to the
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study of synesthesia.
-
study of phenomena such as ESP and psychokinesis
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direct transmission of thoughts from one mind to another.
-
study of perceptual illusions.
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Our sense of the position and movement of individual body parts is called
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olfaction.
-
the vestibular sense.
-
sensory interaction.
-
kinesthesis
Frage 80
Antworten
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less light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones.
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more light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones
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less light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than are cones.
-
more light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than are cones.
Frage 81
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Which receptor cells most directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light?
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feature detectors
-
bipolar cells
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rods
-
cones
Frage 82
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Accommodation refers to the
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process by which the lens changes shape to focus images on the retina.
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process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural messages.
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quivering eye movements that enable the retina to detect continuous stimulation.
-
diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.
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A mental set is most likely to inhibit
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confirmation bias.
-
belief perseverance.
-
overconfidence.
-
creativity.
Frage 84
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Experts would agree that intelligence is mental ability to learn from experience.
Frage 85
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A person who can imagine many alternative uses of a paper clip best illustrates
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insight.
-
divergent thinking
-
convergent thinking.
-
intuition.
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The heritability of intelligence refers to
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the extent to which the distribution of intelligence scores of a group approximates a normal curve.
-
the proportion of variation in intelligence among individuals that is attributable to genetic variation.
-
the extent to which an individual's intelligence is attributable to genetic factors.
-
a general underlying intelligence factor that is measured by every task on an intelligence test.
Frage 87
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A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people is a(n)
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concept.
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heuristic.
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prototype.
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algorithm.
Frage 88
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People with opposing views of capital punishment reviewed mixed evidence regarding its effectiveness as a crime deterrent. As a result, their opposing views differed more strongly than ever. This best illustrates
Frage 89
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Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as “75 percent lean” than to ground beef described as “25 percent fat.” This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by
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Semantics refers to the
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early speech stage in which a child speaks in two-word sentences.
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rules by which we derive meaning from sounds.
-
ability to understand what is said to us.
-
orderly arrangement of words into grammatically correct sentences.
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Conditioning is the process of
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discrimination.
-
observational learning.
-
spontaneous recovery.
-
learning associations.
Frage 92
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In classical conditioning, generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the
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unconditioned reinforcer
-
unconditioned stimulus.
-
conditioned reinforcer.
-
conditioned stimulus.
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A child learns to stop fighting with his brother when the fight leads to suspension of the child's TV-viewing privileges. In this case, the suspension of TV-viewing privileges is a
Antworten
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positive reinforcer.
-
negative reinforcer.
-
positive punishment.
-
negative punishment.
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Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)
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positive reinforcer
-
negative reinforcer.
Frage 95
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Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)
Antworten
-
negative reinforcer
-
positive reinforcer.
Frage 96
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Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of
Frage 97
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chunking refers to the organization of information in to large groups not meaningful ones
Frage 99
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process of encoding refers to getting info into memory
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process of getting info out of memory is called
Antworten
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retrieval
-
ejection
-
extraction
-
memory taking
Frage 101
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Elevated levels of stress hormones most clearly contribute to developing
Antworten
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source amnesia.
-
flashbulb memories
-
amnesia.
Frage 102
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Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates
Antworten
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motivated forgetting
-
retrograde amnesia.
-
source amnesia.
Frage 103
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Conscious rehearsal of what you just heard a friend tell you requires
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implicit memory.
-
working memory.
-
deep processing.
-
automatic processing.
Frage 104
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Retention of skills and classically conditioned associations without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory.
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implicit
-
sensory.
-
short-term
Frage 105
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According to Freud, the unconscious is
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a reservoir of deeply repressed memories that does not affect behavior.
-
the part of personality that cannot process information.
-
the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware.
-
a set of universal concepts acquired by all humans from our common past.
Frage 106
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The MMPI is an example of a(n)
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-
personality inventory
-
self-esteem test.
-
projective test.
Frage 107
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In response to stress, the adrenal glands release
Frage 108
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Psychologists define stress as
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physical, emotional, or mental exhaustion.
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the process by which we appraise and respond to threatening or challenging events.
Frage 109
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A general sense of happiness or life satisfaction is most unrelated to whether people
Frage 110
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One of the major pillars of the positive psychology movement involves the study of
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character strengths
-
the relaxation response.
-
self-control.
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Rats that received electric shocks were unlikely to develop ulcers if the
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rats could control the termination of the shocks.
-
shocks became a routine part of the rats' daily life.
-
shocks were systematically associated with the delivery of appetizing food.
Frage 112
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Subjective well-being refers to
Frage 113
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An aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need is called a(n)
Frage 114
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The James-Lange theory of emotion states that
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to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event.
-
an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers both physiological arousal and the subjective experience of emotion.
-
the expression of emotion reduces our level of physiological arousal.
-
to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and able to cognitively label the emotion.
Frage 115
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Maslow referred to the needs for purpose and meaning that lie beyond the self as
Frage 116
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A disorder in which a person loses contact with reality and experiences irrational ideas and disordered perceptions is a
Frage 117
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In which type of disorder is a person's speech likely to be so full of unrelated words and phrases that it could be characterized as a “word salad”?
Antworten
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schizophrenia
-
panic disorder
Frage 118
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The onset of schizophrenia is typically associated with early
Antworten
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adulthood
-
adolescence.
-
childhood.
-
infancy.
Frage 119
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Exhibiting two or more distinct and alternating personalities is a symptom of a(n)
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A basic element of all effective psychotherapies is the
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escape from real-life pressures offered by psychotherapy
-
client's expectation that psychotherapy will make things better.
-
professional training and experience of the therapist.
Frage 121
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A central therapeutic technique of psychoanalysis is
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active listening.
-
free association
-
operant conditioning
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A therapist who takes an eclectic approach is one who
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uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches.
-
prefers to engage in therapy in a group setting.
-
emphasizes that active listening is the major technique in all effective therapies.
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Counterconditioning techniques for replacing unwanted responses are
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systematic desensitization and free association.
-
aversive conditioning and exposure therapies.
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unconditional positive regard and transference.
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Humanistic therapists are likely to teach clients to