4424677
Frage 1
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Approximately 5% of known microbes cause disease in humans.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 2
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Prokaryotic cells divide via [blank_start]binary fission[blank_end] and reproduce [blank_start]asexually[blank_end].
Antworten
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binary fission
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mitosis and/or meiosis
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asexually
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sexually or asexually
Frage 3
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Which of the following are TRUE of prokaryotic cells?
Antworten
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single circular chromosome of DNA
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plasma membrane is a fluid-mosaic structure and contains sterols
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genes are located in a nuclear region
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extrachromosomal DNA is located in plasmids and mitochondria
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they have many intracellular organelles
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ribosomes are 70S
Frage 4
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When flagella are present on eukaryotic cells, they are fibrils of flagellin. When flagella are present on prokaryotic cells, they are membrane-enclosed structures comprised of microtubules.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 5
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Which of the following is TRUE about the pili on eukaryotic cells?
Antworten
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Eukaryotic cells do not have pili
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The pili function as attachment or conjugation pili; this contributes to the virulence of many pathogens
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The pili are embedded in the external slime layer and assist researchers in identification of pathogens
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They are complex, membrane-enclosed structures, comprised of microtubules
Frage 6
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Metabolism is the sum of all the [blank_start]chemical[blank_end] processes carried out by living organisms.
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chemical
Frage 7
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Which of the following is FALSE concerning metabolism?
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Anabolism requires energy, whereas catabolism produces or 'frees up' energy
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The energy required for catabolism is obtained from either organic or inorganic compounds
Frage 8
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Which of the following is TRUE concerning oxidation and reduction?
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Oxidation involves the loss of electrons and hydrogen, whereas reduction involves the gain of electrons and hydrogen
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Oxidation is exothermic and endergonic; reduction is endothermic and exergonic
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Reduction allows for the storage of energy; oxidation allows for the liberation of energy
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During oxidation, oxygen is gained; during reduction, oxygen is neither lost nor gained
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"Redox" reactions refer to the simultaneous occurrence of oxidation and reduction
Frage 9
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Fermentation is a(n) [blank_start]anaerobic[blank_end] process that [blank_start]does not[blank_end] create ATP.
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anaerobic
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aerobic
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does not
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does
Frage 10
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Which of the following are aerobic?
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Fermentation
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Glycolysis
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Respiration
Frage 11
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Which of the following creates the most ATP?
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Fermentation
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Glycolysis
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Aerobic respiration
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Anaerobic respiration
Frage 12
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[blank_start]Caspids[blank_end] are a key structural component of viruses. They protect [blank_start]nucleic acids[blank_end] and determine the [blank_start]shape[blank_end] of the virus, which can help in identification.
Antworten
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Caspids
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Envelopes
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Spores
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nucleic acids
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ribosomes
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pili
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shape
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method of replication
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host range
Frage 13
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Viruses can have RNA or DNA, both of which can either be single stranded or double stranded.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 14
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Which of the following are TRUE concerning viral envelopes?
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Few viruses have a typical bilayer membrane
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Some viruses do not have a membrane, they only have a nucleocaspid
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Certain viruses have glycoprotein spikes that help attach to host cells
Frage 15
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Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of events in viral replication?
Antworten
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Attachment; Penetration; Synthesis; Assembly; Release
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Assembly; Attachment; Penetration; Synthesis; Release
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Introduction; Transcription; Penetration; Release
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Penetration; Transcription; Synthesis; Assembly; Release
Frage 16
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Different viruses release their particles differently. Certain viruses [blank_start]lyse[blank_end] the cell upon release, thereby causing cell death. Other viruses that cause persistent illness exit the host cell via [blank_start]exocytosis[blank_end]. In latent infections, there is no viral release from host cells.
Antworten
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lyse
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engulf
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exocytosis
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endocytosis
Frage 17
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HPV and Epstein-Barr and both types of [blank_start]oncogenic[blank_end] viruses, which inhibit tumour suppression.
Antworten
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oncogenic
Frage 18
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Oncogenic viruses may be used as a treatment, whereby they enter all cells but only lyse tumour cells, which initiates a systemic anti-tumour immune response.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 19
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Bacteria do not have nuclei.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 20
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Bacteria may be identified by:
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size
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shape
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staining
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growth
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biochemical tests
Frage 21
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Gram positive bacteria retain ink and they turn pink. Gram negative bacteria do not retain the ink and they turn purple.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 22
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Select allh the CORRECT statements regarding the growth and replication of bacteria.
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Bacteria exhibit a growth curve (lag, log, stationary, and decline/death)
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Bacteria replicate via meiosis or mitosis
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Bacteria undergo asexual reproduction
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Bacteria may be obligate intracellular, facultative intracellular, or extracellular in their growth
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Bacteria require an intercellular location in which to grow
Frage 23
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Bacterial endospores are resistant to heat, pH changes, and bleach, but may be killed by radiation.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 24
Frage
Quorum sensing is a key part of the formation of a [blank_start]biofilm[blank_end].
Antworten
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biofilm
Frage 25
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Biofilms may form in diabetic ulcers or on urinary catheters and pose major problems for culturing. Antibiotics are usually ineffective but bacteriophage treatment may work.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 26
Frage
The development of peptic ulcers, secondary to an infection with h. pylori, is an example of...
Antworten
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non-communicable disease
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communicable disease
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the effects of bacterial biofilms
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a side effect of bacteriophage treatment
Frage 27
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Which of the following is TRUE concerning parasites?
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Protozoa are eukaryotic and most are multicellular
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Helminths are usually multicellular and only roundworms and flatworms contain parasitic species
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Arthropods include insects (e.g. lice) and arachnids (e.g. ticks) but not crustaceans (e.g. crayfish)
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Protozoa are prokaryotic and most are unicellular
Frage 28
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Tapeworms and pinworms are examples of...
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helminiths
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protozoa
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arthropods
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flukes
Frage 29
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Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding parasitic hosts?
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Definitive hosts are where parasites reproduce sexually, whereas intermediate hosts are where parasites spend other life stages (e.g. larval)
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Reservoir hosts cannot spread parasites to humans but they can to other animals
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Accidental host is another term for reservoir host
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A dead-end host is where parasites spend the larval stage
Frage 30
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A biological vector can be an intermediate or definitive host, whereas a mechanical vector is not a host.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 31
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Which of the following statements about fungi is FALSE?
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Fungi are eukaryotic and most are multicellular (e.g. molds, mushrooms) but some are unicellular (e.g. yeasts)
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Most fungi cell walls contain chitin, which is the same polysaccharide in exoskeletons of arthropods
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Fungi are classified via the nature of the sexual stage of their lifecycle but classification can be very difficult
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Yeast have hyphae, whereas molds replicate asexually via buds
Frage 32
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The concept of [blank_start]dimorphism[blank_end] refers to the ability of certain fungi to change their structure in response to a change in environment. This can be seen with the organism p. brasiliensis, which is yeast-like when on the human body and mold-like when in the environment.
Antworten
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dimorphism
Frage 33
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Fungi use [blank_start]ergosterol instead of cholesterol[blank_end], which is why drugs such as fluconazole target the enzymes used in synthesis.
Antworten
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ergosterol instead of cholesterol
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cholesterol instead of ergosterol
Frage 34
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Fungal infections are caused by the use of drugs, such as steroids, antibiotics, and chemo. Fungal infections are not caused by pathogens.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 35
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Fungi are very important because they produce antimicrobials, such as penicillin.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 36
Frage
The clinical microbiology lab consists of six main areas: bacteriology (bacteria); [blank_start]mycology[blank_end] (fungi); virology (viruses); [blank_start]serology[blank_end] (detect antibodies in the blood); parasitology (protozoa, helminthes); and [blank_start]mycobacteriology[blank_end] (acid-fast bacteria, e.g. TB).
Antworten
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mycology
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serology
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mycobacteriology
Frage 37
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Which of the following statements comparing direct detection, culturing, and nucleic acid/signal amplification testing is FALSE?
Antworten
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SAT and direct detection both have short turnaround times, whereas culturing has a long TAT
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SAT is both the most expensive and the most sensitive test, compared to culturing and direct detection
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Culturing involves growing cells on agar plates, whereas direct detection looks at an actual cell
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Direct detection can only be used for bacteria, not viruses, unlike culturing and SAT
Frage 38
Frage
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the process of gram staining?
Antworten
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Crystal violet; Iodine; Alcohol; Safranin
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Crystal violet; Alcohol; Iodine; Safranin
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Safranin; Iodine; Crystal Violet; Alcohol
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Alcohol; Safranin; Iodine; Crystal violet
Frage 39
Frage
During a gram staining test, the gram negative bacteria go from purple to invisible to pink.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 40
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Select which of the following statements are CORRECT regarding direct detection.
Antworten
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Gram staining is a very common method of direct detection for viruses
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Calcofluor is a test used to detect fungi; the substance binds to cellulose and chitin
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Electron microscopy and direct fluorescent antibody staining are two methods to detect viruses
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Electron microscopy is a common method of direct detection for bacteria
Frage 41
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The main purpose of streaking on an agar plate is to isolate only a single specie.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 42
Frage
After a bacterium has been cultured, it may be identified via growth in a medium. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding "selective" mediums?
Antworten
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Increases the growth of some bacteria and decreases the growth of others (e.g. adding abx to agar plate)
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Has additive that causes observable change (e.g. colour, pH)
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Increases the growth of some bacteria but does not suppress the growth of others
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Agar plate is embedded with antibiotics
Frage 43
Frage
What is the name of the test that involves pouring a test specimen into a plate imbedded with specific antigens?
Antworten
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Enzyme immunoassay
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Electron microscopy
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Calcofluor
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Gram staining
Frage 44
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A bacterial susceptibility test cannot be performed on a direct detection sample; the bacteria must be cultured first.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 45
Frage
In the context of bacterial susceptibility tests, was does "MIC" stand for?
Antworten
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Minimum inhibitory concentration
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Minimum inhibitory complex
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Maximum inhibitory concentration
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Minimum immunoabsorbent complex
Frage 46
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Which of the following are CORRECT regarding the procedure for drawing blood cultures?
Antworten
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Use a peripheral poke whenever possible
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Use a peripheral IV, if present
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Take samples 30 minutes apart
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Use two sets (4 bottles total), never just one (sometimes three)
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Use a central line, if present
Frage 47
Frage
[blank_start]Amplicon[blank_end] sequencing involves taking one part from a pure or mixed sample and comparing it to a reference.
Antworten
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Amplicon
-
Shotgun
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Whole genome
Frage 48
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Which of the following is TRUE?
Antworten
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Amplicon sequencing involves taking one part from a pure sample only and comparing it to a reference.
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Shotgun (aka meta genomic) sequencing involves taking a sample from a mixed/complex template and investigating that sample in detail.
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Whole genome sequencing involves taking a sample from a mixed template and fully understanding that one piece.
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Shotgun and whole genome sequencing are similar, in that they both sample from a pure template.
Frage 49
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16s ribosomal RNA assists in sequencing microbiomes because they serve as a kind of bacterial barcode.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 50
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All bacteria have 16s ribosomal RNA but there are small differences between them.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 51
Frage
Select all of TRUE statements from the following, regarding how diversity is assessed in the human microbiome:
Antworten
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number of taxa (species)
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relative abundance of each species present
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degree of phylogenetic dissimilarity of the species present
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whether someone is colonized or infected with an ARO
Frage 52
Frage
Which of the following is CORRECT regarding dysbiosis?
Antworten
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Pathobionts is the overgrowth of organisms usually present, versus pathogens, which cause harm in certain numbers
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Pathogens are usually present in healthy human bodies, versus pathobionts cause significant harm when at all present
Frage 53
Frage
The term "dysbiosis" refers to changes in the microbiome that are associated with disease.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 54
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Which of the following is TRUE regarding the relationship between diversity and relative abundance of any single microbe?
Antworten
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An increase in abundance of one specie drives down diversity, and less diversity contributes to disease
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A decrease in the abundance of one specie relates to an increase in diversity, and greater diversity contributes to disease
Frage 55
Frage
B. thetaiotaomicron stimulates the host to produce anti-microbial peptides that target gram positive bacteria. This is an example of...
Antworten
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Indirect colonization resistance
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Direct colonization resistance
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Dysbiosis
-
Colonization
Frage 56
Frage
The rationale for using fecal transplants to treat a c. diff infection is that the transplant can increase diversity.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 57
Frage
Which of the following diseases are associated with a decrease in diversity?
Antworten
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C Diff
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Recurrent UTIs
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Atopic dermatosis
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IBD
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Bacterial vaginosis
Frage 58
Frage
Which of the following statements is the best description of "commensalism"?
Antworten
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Both benefit
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One benefits and there is no effect on the other
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One benefits, the other is harmed
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E.coli, because it aids in vitamin K absorption in the large intestine
Frage 59
Frage
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the factors that contribute to virulence?
Antworten
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Strains of bacteria, such as n. gonorrhoeae, are rarely able to cause disease if they have fimbriae (aka "attachment pili")
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Pathogens that have fimbriae may cause hemeagglutination
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Capsules contribute to virulence because they act as a barrier to host defenses
-
Pathogens that have haemolysin may cause host tissue damage
Frage 60
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Exotoxins are associated mostly with gram negative bacteria and are released when cells divide or when cells die. Endotoxins are produced and released mostly by gram positive bacteria and the ingestion of the toxin can cause disease (e.g. botulinum).
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 61
Frage
Which of the following is the correct order of stages of disease?
Antworten
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Incubation, prodromal, invasive, decline, convalescence
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Invasive, prodromal, incubation, decline, convalescence
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Prodromal, incubation, invasive, decline, convalenscene
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Incubation, prodromal, convalescence, invasive, decline
Frage 62
Frage
The most severe signs and symptoms of a disease are during the invasive period.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 63
Frage
The surface proteins on the flu virus that contribute to its virulence are hemeagglutinin and neuraminidase.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 64
Frage
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the flu virus?
Antworten
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The flu virus has a "segmented genome", which means that it has 8 segments of RNA. This contributes to virulence.
-
Shedding starts after exposure and continues until day 6 of the illness. The peak of shedding is at day 2.
-
Shedding occurs between days 4 and 6, when the person feels most ill.
-
Hemeagglutinin is the only surface protein on the flu virus.
Frage 65
Frage
An antigenic shift causes seasonal influenza every year and is a result of the segmented genome of the flu virus (liable to make small mistakes each time they copy).
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 66
Frage
Which of the following statements are TRUE concerning limiting the spread of the flu virus?
Antworten
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Vaccinations are very important and are only contraindicated in children under 6 months, people who have had a previous anaphylactic reaction, and people who have had Guillain-Barre syndrome as a result of the flu vaccine in the past.
-
Practicing good hand hygiene is a good way to limit the spread of the flu virus
-
"Social distancing" is a very effective way of preventing the spread of the flu virus
-
Masks are most effective when worn by ill persons, not healthy persons
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