DNA & Protein Synthesis

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In DNA replication, a DNA [blank_start]template[blank_end] is used to produce 2 [blank_start]identical[blank_end] DNA strands. The process occurs in the [blank_start]nucleus[blank_end] of a cell.

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DNA stands for [blank_start]Deoxyribonucleic Acid[blank_end]

DNA is made of [blank_start]nucleotides[blank_end]. The nucleotide is made up of three parts: [blank_start]phosphate[blank_end], sugar ([blank_start]deoxyribose[blank_end]), and [blank_start]nitrogen base.[blank_end]

DNA has [blank_start]four[blank_end] nitrogen bases which are [blank_start]adenine[blank_end], [blank_start]thymine[blank_end], [blank_start]guanine[blank_end], and [blank_start]cytosine[blank_end]. Only [blank_start]adenine[blank_end] bonds with thymine. And only guanine bonds with [blank_start]cytosine[blank_end].

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There are [blank_start]two[blank_end] types of nitrogen bases. [blank_start]Purine[blank_end] & [blank_start]Pyrimidine[blank_end].

Purines have a [blank_start]double-ring structure[blank_end]. The purines are [blank_start]adenine[blank_end] and [blank_start]guanine[blank_end].

Pyrimidines have a [blank_start]single-ring structure[blank_end]. [blank_start]Thymine[blank_end] and [blank_start]cytosine[blank_end] are pyrimidines.

Always bond a purine with a pyrimidine.

DNA replication occurs during the [blank_start]interphase[blank_end] of a cell cycle.

[blank_start]Messenger[blank_end] RNA is made during [blank_start]transcription[blank_end] which occurs in the [blank_start]nucleus[blank_end] of a cell.

Translation occurs in the [blank_start]cytoplasm[blank_end] when [blank_start]ribosomes[blank_end] make proteins from [blank_start]mRNA[blank_end].

Proteins are chains of [blank_start]amino acids[blank_end] arranged in a specific order which is determined by the code in your [blank_start]DNA[blank_end].

What is the enzyme helicase's function? Its function is to [blank_start]separate[blank_end] a DNA molecule into [blank_start]two strands[blank_end].

SSB stands for [blank_start]single-stranded binding[blank_end] protein and they sit on strands to [blank_start]stabilize[blank_end] them.

DNA polymerase [blank_start]adds[blank_end] deoxynucleotides in the [blank_start]template[blank_end] DNA.

DNA ligase [blank_start]joins[blank_end] any [blank_start]unbound[blank_end] ends in the new DNA molecule.

The [blank_start]three[blank_end] enzymes used during DNA replication are [blank_start]helicase[blank_end], DNA [blank_start]polymerase[blank_end], and DNA [blank_start]ligase[blank_end].

DNA replication is considered "semi-conservative" because the [blank_start]new[blank_end] DNA molecule has one [blank_start]new[blank_end] strand and one [blank_start]old[blank_end] strand of DNA.

RNA is a [blank_start]single[blank_end]-stranded [blank_start]disposable[blank_end] copy of DNA.

RNA nucleotides consists of sugar ([blank_start]ribose[blank_end]), phosphate, and nitrogen base ([blank_start]uracil[blank_end] replaces thymine).

There are [blank_start]three[blank_end] types of RNA: [blank_start]messenger[blank_end], [blank_start]ribosomal[blank_end], and [blank_start]transfer[blank_end].

Messenger RNA ([blank_start]mRNA[blank_end]) [blank_start]copies[blank_end] the sequence from DNA (in the nucleus) and [blank_start]carries[blank_end] it to the cytoplasm.

Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers [blank_start]amino acids[blank_end] to the [blank_start]site[blank_end] of protein synthesis on the ribosome. It has an [blank_start]anticodon[blank_end] complementary sequence.

Ribosomal RNA has [blank_start]3[blank_end] binding [blank_start]sites[blank_end] for tRNA. Ribosomes are made up of [blank_start]protein[blank_end] & rRNA.

[blank_start]2[blank_end] ways that pre-mRNA is processed before leaving the [blank_start]nucleus[blank_end].

RNA processing [blank_start]modifies[blank_end] pre-mRNA to produce [blank_start]mature[blank_end] mRNA for translation. [blank_start]Add[blank_end] pieces on both ends to increase [blank_start]stability[blank_end].

RNA splicing [blank_start]removes[blank_end] introns and [blank_start]joins[blank_end] exons together. Introns are regions of mRNA that [blank_start]do not[blank_end] code for amino acids. Extrons are regions of mRNA that [blank_start]do[blank_end] code for amino acids.

Codons are 3 nucleotides that [blank_start]code[blank_end] for one amino acid. Anticodons are 3 nucleotides at the [blank_start]bottom[blank_end] of tRNA.

Anticodons [blank_start]match[blank_end] with codons and reads them to find the right [blank_start]amino acid[blank_end] to input to the chain.