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DSMiv - [blank_start]core[blank_end] symptoms ([blank_start]hallucinations,delusions[blank_end]) must be present for at least [blank_start]one month[blank_end]. Other symptoms such as poor social function must be present for [blank_start]6 months[blank_end].
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Positive symptoms include...
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whose study indicates that schizophrenic patients jump from topic to topic in conversation?
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Goldstein
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Gottesman and Shields
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Heston
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Negative symptoms include...
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Paranoid schizophrenics have hallucinations and delusions about grandeur or persecution
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Catatonic patients have disorganised speech
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Disorganised schizophrenic patients have disorganised speech, and thoughts. Their behaviour is bizarre. They have flat effect, social withdrawal and avolition
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What is residual schizophrenia?
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What is undifferentiated schizophrenia?
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Name three issues with diagnosing schizophrenia.
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unspecific criteria leads to misdiagnosis ---misdiagnosis lead to wrong treatment ----relies on self report, patients may not be able to express themselves
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if you deny the existence of it you cannot treat it --- not clear whether excess dopemine causes sch' or is an effect
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Who said that the term 'schizophrenic' is a form of social oppression and influences how people behave and how people react to 'schizophrenic' people.
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Scheff
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Piaget
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Gottesman and Shields
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Szasz - is an anti-labeller who
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Labelling theory says there is poor validity in diagnosis of schizophrenia
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A criticism of labelling theory is that it doesn't explain where the behaviour came from in the first place. It explains the maintenance through self fulfilling prophecy.
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In Rosenhans study he sent 8 [blank_start]healthy[blank_end] people to make appointments in hospitals using the wors '[blank_start]thud[blank_end]', '[blank_start]hollow[blank_end]' and '[blank_start]empty[blank_end]'. Once admitted they all acted [blank_start]normally[blank_end]. All were diagnosed as schizophrenic despite being healthy. They were treated [blank_start]differently[blank_end] because they were seen as schizophrenia. They all left with a in remission diagnosis. This study shows how people behave differently to 'schizophrenics' and how easily [blank_start]misdiagnosis[blank_end] occurs. Also it shows how the label is hard to get rid of.
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healthy
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sick
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thud
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bang
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hollow
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full
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empty
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filled
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normally
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schizophrenic
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differently
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the same
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misdiagnosis
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diagnosis
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The biological approach says that there is a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia
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The twin study by Gottesman and Shields found [blank_start]48[blank_end]% concordance rates for MZ twins and [blank_start]17[blank_end]% for DZ twins. Therefore because the MZ [blank_start]share more[blank_end] DNA the fact that they have higher concordance rates indicates a [blank_start]genetic[blank_end] link. A criticism of this study is that the higher concordance rate in MZs could be due to a very [blank_start]similar[blank_end] environment. Also if schizophrenia is due to genes alone, the concordance rate should be [blank_start]100[blank_end]%.
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48
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56
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19
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17
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12
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90
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share more
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have less shared DNA
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genetic
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environmental
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similar
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different
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100
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0
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In a adoption study by [blank_start]Heston[blank_end], [blank_start]16[blank_end]% of the children ,from 47 schizophrenic mothers, who had been adopted at birth had schizophrenia. This is much higher than the [blank_start]1[blank_end]% population level. Therefore it seems that schizophrenia is [blank_start]hereditary[blank_end]. This is more conclusive than the twin study by [blank_start]Gottesman and Shields[blank_end] because the children [blank_start]didn't share[blank_end] the same environment with the mother. However this study suffers from a [blank_start]small sample size[blank_end].
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The neurochemical explanation for schizophrenia suggests that excess dopamine causes exessive neural activity (positive symptoms)
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There is [blank_start]a lot of[blank_end] evidence for the dopemine hypothesis including; Post [blank_start]mortems[blank_end] showing excess dopemine, [blank_start]Cocaine[blank_end] studies (cocaine causes positive symptoms and heightens dopemine activity), [blank_start]Antipsychotic[blank_end] drugs reduce dopemine and positive symptoms.
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mortems
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offices
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a lot of
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little
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Cocaine
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Sherbert
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Antipsychotic
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Illegal
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According to biologists, abnormal brain structures cause schizophrenia. Weyandt found enlarged ventricles correlate with negative symptoms
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Who found enlarged ventricles correlate with negative symptoms?
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Weyandt
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Heston
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Gottesman and Shields
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Expressed emotion belongs to the [blank_start]family dysfunction[blank_end] explanation for schizophrenia. This is a [blank_start]qualitative[blank_end] of the amount of emotion displayed within a family. HIgh expressed emotion means there are high levels of [blank_start]hostility[blank_end], [blank_start]disapproval[blank_end] and [blank_start]criticism[blank_end]. Often family members who act like this think they are being helpful.
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family dysfunction
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biological
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labelling
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qualitative level
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quantitative level
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hostility
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calm
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disapproval
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approval
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criticism
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support
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Nomura said if a recovering schizophrenic returns home to a family with high EE they are more likey to relapse to a highly active phase
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Evidence to support Nomura's theory that if a recovering schizophrenic returns home to a family with high EE they are more likey to relapse to a highly active phase, comes from Butzlaff and Holey
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Butzlaff and Holey found [blank_start]70[blank_end]% of people returning home to a [blank_start]high[blank_end] expressed emotion family relapsed within a [blank_start]year[blank_end].
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70
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50
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90
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high
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low
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year
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month
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Bateson said when children are put in a [blank_start]no win[blank_end] situation by parents, a [blank_start]double[blank_end] bind, they may develop schizophrenia if they don't find a way out of it. They develop symptoms such as [blank_start]flat effect[blank_end] as a logical response to their situation
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no win
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win-win
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double
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triple
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flat effect
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hallucinations
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Schiffman said 'Patterns of [blank_start]communication[blank_end] and relationships have been identified as [blank_start]stress[blank_end] factors causing schizophrenia'. This includes double [blank_start]bind[blank_end] and [blank_start]high[blank_end] expressed emotion.
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communication
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fabric
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stress
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chill
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bind
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whiskey
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high
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low
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The most effective treatment is drug therapy alone.
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A strength of medication in an institution is that dosage cannot be monitored
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Institutions provide a safe environment for patients.
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Institutions cause self fulfilling prophecies.
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The artificial environment of an institution means they learn to cope with the disorder in the real world.
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Name a conventional antipsychotic drugs
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All conventional antipsychotic drugs reduce the firing of dopemine
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Chlorpromazine must be taken regularly with or without symptoms or they will return with greater severity.
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Who's study found just 6 weeks of treatment with antipsychotic drugs showed significant improvement in 75% of patients.
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Goldstein
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Gottesman and Shields
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Cole et al
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Conventional drugs cause what side effects? Severe muscle
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Name an a-typical antipsychotic drug
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Atypical drugs reduce not only positive symptoms but also negative symptoms.
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About [blank_start]25[blank_end]% of sufferers do not respond to [blank_start]conventional[blank_end] drugs. These people often respond to [blank_start]atypical[blank_end] drugs.
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25
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75
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conventional
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atypical
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atypical
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conventional
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A problem with antipsychotic drugs is that they are reductionist.
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Strengths of antipsychotic drugs in institutions include-stopping revolving door syndrome and a safer environment.
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Weaknesses of medication within an institution include - an [blank_start]artificial[blank_end] environment [blank_start]doesn't help[blank_end] the patient to establish reality - causes self fulfilling prophecy
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artificial
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accurate
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doesn't help
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helps