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Can a foetus perceive their mother's voice before they are even born?
Frage 2
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A study has shown that newborns show a preference for their ________ voice over others (DeCasper & Fifer, 1980)
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Mother's
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Father's
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Stranger's
Frage 3
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How long has it been shown for infants to show preferences for their father's voice (DeCasper & Prescott, 1984)?
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Less than three days
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About three days
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More than three days
Frage 4
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It has been shown that infants have a preference for "Cat in the Hat" over other phrases because of the specific speaker (the mother) and speech (Spence & DeCasper, 1982). Is this statement true or false?
Frage 5
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What are newborns learning when starting language development?
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Intonation
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Pitch
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Speed
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Transience
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Vocabulary
Frage 6
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How long does it take for infants to show perceptual narrowness in their native language (Kuhl, et al., 2005)?
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1-2 months
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2-4 months
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4-6 months
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6-8 months
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8-12 months
Frage 7
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Is perceptual narrowing likely to be because of maturation?
Frage 8
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Kuhl (et al., 2003) had infants, whose parents were English, exposed to English or Mandarin. Did the children retain more phonemic discrimination at 12 months' old with English or Mandarin?
Frage 9
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At what point did the infants in Kuhl's (et al., 2003) study retain phonemic discrimination?
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2 months old
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6 months old
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12 months old
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24 months old
Frage 10
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The two language stages that all children go through are the [blank_start]pre-language[blank_end] and [blank_start]early language[blank_end] phases.
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pre-language
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early language
Frage 11
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How long is the pre-language phase for infants?
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0-2 months
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0-6 months
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0-12 months
Frage 12
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How long is the early language phase for infants?
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12-18 months
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12-24 months
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12-30 months
Frage 13
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In the pre-language phase for children, there is the ________ ________ phase, which last between 4-6 months.
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Egocentric talk
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Egocentric babble
Frage 14
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In the pre-language phase for children, there is the ________ ________ ________, which last for 7-12 months.
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Social babble phase
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Social talk phase
Frage 15
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Talk between infants and adults
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Talk infants do to themselves
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Talk infants do to objects
Frage 16
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Children babble ________ when adults talk to them (Bloom, 1988).
Frage 17
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It has been shown that deaf children growing up in a signing environment can also babble in sign. Is this statement true or false?
Frage 18
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In the beginning of the early language phase (10-12 months), an infant's first words are:
Frage 19
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In a lot of cases during the early language phase (10-12 months), infants will mismatch ________. For example, they could over-extend to generalise an object that is similar to something else, or over-restrict and only use it for specific instances.
Frage 20
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What are the two most common object names for infants during the early language phase?
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"Teddy" and "mummy"
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"Car" and "daddy"
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"Mummy" and "Daddy"
Frage 21
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How long does it usually take for an infant to reach up to 30 words in their vocabulary?
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1-2 months
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2-3 months
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3-4 months
Frage 22
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How many words does an 18-month infant typically know?
Frage 23
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By the time infants reach 18-22 months old, they have a vocabulary spurt and know up to ____ words.
Frage 24
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According to Landau (1994) the first few words of an infant are:
Frage 25
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________-________ Interaction (Shipley, Kuhn & Madden, 1983) refers to when infants' words are made clear as to whether they are general or more specific. The words will either be corrected (eg, "No, this is a rabbit) or reaffirmed (eg, "Yes, this is a rabbit")
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Object-Child
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Parent-Child
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Parent-Infant
Frage 26
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________ ________ (Gleitman, 1990) believes that infants use grammar to infer word meanings. In other words, semantics are tied to syntax.
Frage 27
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In some cases with syntactic bootstrapping, distinctions can be made between verbs that take an object (transitive) and those that do not (intransitive). Is this statement true or false?
Frage 28
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At what stage do infants move from gesture-word combinations to whole-word combinations?
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6-12 months
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12-18 months
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18-24 months
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18-30 months
Frage 29
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________ ________ omits non-essential linking words.
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Telegraphic speech
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Semantic speech
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Orthographic speech
Frage 30
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By what age are children masters at complex syntactic structures and grammatical rules?
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A year old
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2 years old
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3 years old
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5 years old
Frage 31
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________-________ speech is a productive way of improving an infant's vocabulary because of the slower rate of speech, higher intonation, and longer pauses. Keywords are emphasised with a higher and louder voice.
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Infant-directed
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Infant-parent
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Infant-adult
Frage 32
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________ refers to when parents socially-scaffold their children's language development by teaching them the cultural differences in their languages. This also has a positive effect on their development.
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Mother tongue
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Motherese
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Mother scaffolding
Frage 33
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Parents of deaf children don't use sign language, but rather lip-reading. This is known as:
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Lip-signing
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Homesign
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Parent-infant signing
Frage 34
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Language is specifically understood and developed by humans only. Is this statement true or false?
Frage 35
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At what point do children tend to start making more syntactic errors?
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1-2 years old
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2-3 years old
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3-4 years old
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4-5 years old
Frage 36
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Some believe that the syntactic errors that children make as they grow older is evidence for an innate ________-________ system.
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Grammar-learning
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Syntax-learning
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Orthography-learning
Frage 37
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The theory of an underlying grammar-learning system attempting to find rules for all words has been disproved. This is because parents correct factual and grammatical errors in their children. Is this statement true or false?
Frage 38
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________, a behaviourist, believed that children learn language through a number of ways; imitation, trial-and-error, and rewards and punishment. He furthered his stance with the operant conditioning model (1957)
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Skinner
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Whorf
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Chomsky
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Piaget
Frage 39
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________'s approach to language development was universalist and believed that there are grounded aspects of language that we are predisposed to. He believes that language and thought are separate, and furthers his stance with the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) (1965)
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Chomsky
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Whorf
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Skinner
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Piaget
Frage 40
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________ posits that there are core features in all languages, however, children pick up the grammatical rules of their own languages dependent on where they are from. For example, syntactic planning will differ between English, Chinese, Arabic, and Serbian people.
Frage 41
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(Tick the boxes that apply). The issue with the behaviourist approach to syntactic learning is that:
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Children learn a lot more rapidly than it states
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Children learn a lot more slowly than it states
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Children say things that they have never heard before
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Children don't say things that they have never heard of before
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A lot of what children say in everyday interactions is actually grammatically correct
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A lot of what children say in everyday interactions is not grammatically correct
Frage 42
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The lateralisation of language, according to Chomsky, resides in which brain hemisphere?
Frage 43
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Does lateralisation develop before or after birth?
Frage 44
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What happens if an individual were to suffer brain damage to their left hemisphere?
Frage 45
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When is the critical period for learning, according to Lennenberg (1967)?
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Birth and 10 years old
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Birth and puberty
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Birth and adulthood
Frage 46
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The effects of language deprivation in a child's development are:
Frage 47
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In 1970, a 13-year-old girl named Genie was discovered in Los Angeles (CA). She was severely malnourished and told not to speak or make any noise. Did she ever develop her grammatical competency?
Frage 48
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Those with ASL are poorer with language when exposed to it late because of:
Frage 49
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Immigrants who try to learn the languages of their new countries are ________ to adapt, regardless of their educational level.
Frage 50
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What is speech perception driven by?
Frage 51
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According to Vihman (1996), do children apply systematic strategies to challenging words so that they fit with what they can capably pronounce?
Frage 52
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There are cultural variations in children's errors in languages. For example, Chinese children master their tone system by 2 years old (So & Dodd, 1995). Do Cantonese children develop more quickly than English-speaking children?
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Yes, they do
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No, they do not
Frage 53
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Is the maturation of the vocal tract modifiable by socialisation (eg, parental development) or is it resistant to correction?
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Socialisation
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Resistant to correction
Frage 54
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According to Tincoff and Jusczyk (1999), when 6-month olds listened to the words "mommy" and "daddy" whilst watching side-by-side videos, did they pay attention more to the named parent?
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Yes, they did
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No, they did not
Frage 55
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According to Bloom (1998), by 6 years old children know how many words?
Frage 56
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Does comprehension shape a child's language development?
Frage 57
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In their first 50 words, do infants prefer still or moving objects?
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Still objects
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Moving objects
Frage 58
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Does imitation help to stimulate vocabulary growth for infants?
Frage 59
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Researchers have discovered that children can connect a new word with an underlying concept after only a brief encounter. This is called:
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Spatial mapping
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Word mapping
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Fast-mapping
Frage 60
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Do toddlers take time to become acquainted with fast-mapping, according to Swingley (2010)?
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Yes, they do
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No, they do not
Frage 61
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According to Fenson (et al., 1994), who is slightly ahead in early vocabulary growth?
Frage 62
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According to Berk, is the explanation for girls' rapid vocabulary growth because of their faster physical maturation and the promotion of development of the left cerebral hemisphere?
Frage 63
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According to Salley and Dixon (2007), are temperamentally negative toddlers slower or faster at vocabulary acquisition?
Frage 64
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According to Spere (et al., 2004), do shy toddlers remain behind or further ahead those around them in their preschool years for language development?
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Slightly behind
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Slightly ahead
Frage 65
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Do parents tend to talk to toddler-age girls or boys?
Frage 66
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Do parents converse less or more with shy children according to research (Leaper, Anderson, Sanders, 1998; Patterson & Fisher, 2002)?
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Less with shy children
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More with shy children
Frage 67
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According to Hoff (2006), do children from lower SES backgrounds have a smaller vocabulary?
Frage 68
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In Swedish, is the phonology easier or more difficult to discriminate? Is it harder to identify syllable and word boundaries?
Frage 69
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Do Mandarin Chinese parents present their children with many short words that are easy to pronounce?
Frage 70
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According to language development, referential style refers to:
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Vocabulary consisting of words referring to objects
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Vocabulary consisting of words referring to others (eg, parents, strangers)
Frage 71
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In language development, expressive style refers to:
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Vocabularies revolving around more social pronouns and formula
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Vocabularies revolving less around social pronouns and formula, and more around verbs and adjectives
Frage 72
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According to Bates (et al., 1994) do referential-style toddlers think words are for naming things, and expressive-style toddlers think words are for talking about people's feelings and needs?
Frage 73
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Has research found there to be cultural differences in language styles and acquisitions in cultures? For example, American mothers tend to use nouns for labelling, compared to Asian mothers that rely on group membership.
Frage 74
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In language development, underextensions refer to:
Frage 75
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In language development, overextensions refer to:
Frage 76
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Do children as young as 2 years old fill in for words that they have not learned yet? For example, instead of "gardener", they say "plant-man".
Frage 77
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Do preschoolers extend language meanings through metaphor? For example, Winner (1988) observed a 3-year-old describe a stomach ache as a "fire engine in my tummy".
Frage 78
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Do children benefit from engaging with expert speakers according to Weizman and Snow (2001)?
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Yes, they do
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No, they do not
Frage 79
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By 5 or 6 years old, can children add new words to their vocabulary by simply being given a definition? Does their vocabulary become more organised and definitive?
Frage 80
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Has research shown adult feedback to help facilitate development? For example, "That's not a car. It's a truck. See, it has a place to put things in" (Chapman, Leonard & Mervis, 1986).
Frage 81
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Fast-mapping is supported by which store?
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Phonological store
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Orthographic store
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Syntactic store
Frage 82
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According to Gathercole (et al., 1997) phonological memory is not the sole provider of word learning. Does this mean that semantic knowledge influences the speed with which children form phonological traces that affect vocabulary growth?
Frage 83
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In language development, mutual exclusivity bias refers to:
Frage 84
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According to Berk (2012), once toddlers have acquired roughly 75 words, they begin to illustrate a shape bias. This refers to:
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Previous learning of nouns based on shape, which heightens attention to the shape properties of additional objects
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A bias towards shaping definitive properties of words
Frage 85
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The emergentist coalition model (Golinkoff & Hirsh-Pasek, 2006) refers to:
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Word learning strategies emerging out of children's efforts to understand language, and coalition cues (perceptual, social, and linguistic) shifting in importance as they grow older
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Word learning strategies that are inhibited by development and become more pronounced as children grow older
Frage 86
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Telegraphic speech refers to:
Frage 87
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According to Lidz (2007), are children during their first word combinations more knowledgeable about grammar in comprehension or production?
Frage 88
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Dittmar (et al., 2008) suggested that infants were primed during the Gertner, Fisher, and Eisengart (2006) study in order to accurately answer the questions. When Chan (et al., 2010) replicated it, did children show preferences?
Antworten
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Yes, they did
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No, they did not
Frage 89
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According to Tomasello (2003) is there evidence to suggest that children younger than 3 years old perform poorly when asked to use newly-learned verb constructions in which they have not heard the verb used before?
Frage 90
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Studies have found that English-speaking preschoolers performed well on tests for subject-verb-object orders when:
Antworten
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They grow older
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They are younger
Frage 91
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In the studies of English-speaking preschoolers and their grasp of subject-verb-object ordering, at what age according to Tomasello (2003, 2006) and Chan (et al., 2010) did children acquire new verbs?
Frage 92
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In language development, gramatical morphemes are:
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Small markers that change the meanings of sentences (eg, "John's dog" and "he is eating")
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Small markers that maintain the structure and rigidity of sentences
Frage 93
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According to research, once children have acquired grammatical morphemes, they tend to commit to overegulisation. This is when children:
Frage 94
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Is the reason that children often overregulise sentences and show inconsistent patterns because they frequently hear irregular forms in adult speech and learn them as a result?
Frage 95
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According to researchers (Maratos, 2000; Elman, 2003), do irregular forms of words eventually win? Because of how children learn irregular words used by adults in normal conversations, and thus learn by rote?
Antworten
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Yes, they do
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No, they do not
Frage 96
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Do negations (eg, (1) nonexistence "All crackers gone", (2) rejection "No take bath!", and (3) denial "That's not my kitty!") appear in children? At what age, according to research (Clancy, 1985; Vaidyanathan, 1991; Tam & Stokes, 2001).
Antworten
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1 year olds
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2 and 3 year olds
Frage 97
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In 2 and 3 year olds, the first negatives to appear are:
Antworten
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Nonexistence
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Rejection
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Denial
Frage 98
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In 2 and 3 year olds, the second negatives to appear are:
Antworten
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Nonexistence
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Rejection
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Denial
Frage 99
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In 2 and 3 year olds, the final negatives to appear are:
Antworten
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Nonexistence
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Rejection
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Denial
Frage 100
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In language development, semantic bootstrapping refers to:
Frage 101
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In language development, turnabout refers to:
Antworten
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A speaker commenting on what was just said, but also requesting for it to be heard again
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A speaker turning a conversation around to a different subject
Frage 102
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According to Wanska and Bedrosian (1985), shading refers to:
Frage 103
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In language development, illocutionary intent refers to:
Antworten
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What a speaker means to say, even if it was not said properly
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What a speaker intends to say before they have actually said it