BIO 111 Study Exam 1

_______ gives variety.

___________ give stability.

DNA are long thread-like molecules coiled into genes.

Chromosome are essentially DNA molecules.

Genes are specific region of DNA located linearly on specific chromosomes.

How many kinds of chromosomes do diploid cells contain?

How many kinds of chromosomes do haploid cells contain?

Do most organisms have diploid cells or haploid cells?

[blank_start]Cell division[blank_end] is the natural division of [blank_start]one[blank_end] cell into [blank_start]two[blank_end] cells. It is the division of the [blank_start]cytoplasm[blank_end].

The process when an [blank_start]animal[blank_end] cell pinches itself in half during the process of cytokinesis is called [blank_start]cleavage[blank_end].

In cell division of [blank_start]plant[blank_end] cells, a cell will build a wall between two current walls by [blank_start]coalescence[blank_end] of cells, forming a plate that enlarges.

The two types of nuclear division are [blank_start]mitosis[blank_end] and [blank_start]meiosis[blank_end].

Nuclear division occurs before cytokinesis.

In the process of [blank_start]mitosis[blank_end], one nucleus divides into two.

Mitosis has ONE duplication and ONE division.

If the parent cell has 16 chromosomes and goes through the process of MITOSIS, how many daughter cells will it produce, and with how many chromosomes?

[blank_start]Mitosis[blank_end] makes two nuclei from one nucleus and the two new nuclei contain the same number of chromosomes as the parent.

Essentially, when mitosis ends, the organism is dead.

The functionality of mitosis is:

Meiosis is a specialized type of nuclear division that only occurs at certain times in certain organisms.

Meiosis has [blank_start]ONE[blank_end] duplication and [blank_start]TWO[blank_end] divisions.

If a parent cell has 16 chromosomes and goes through the process of meiosis, how many daughter cells will it produce and with how many chromosomes each?

Meiosis does not end after Division II.

The functionality of meiosis is

In most organisms, meiosis does not produce gametes or spores

Evolution is the [blank_start]grand unifying theory[blank_end] of biology.

Who first proposed the idea of gradualism in a geological sense?

Lamark proposed a mechanism for how life and things change throughout time: the idea of USE AND DISUSE; that body parts used most evolve to become bigger and stronger.

[blank_start]Lyell[blank_end], a geologist, proposed the idea that gradualism is still happening at the same rate. He studied geological records and published "Principles of Geology."

Darwin thought that Lyell's gradualistic ideas could apply biologically too.

Darwin's 3 observations of nature include:

Darwinism (the theory of evolution) consists of these major components:

[blank_start]Artificial[blank_end] selection is the process through which humans modify species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits.

Darwin's 4 postulates are:

Individuals with favorable traits will, on average, survive better than those with unfavorable traits; known as differential survival.

Individuals with more favorable traits will usually produce more offspring; known as differential reproduction.

[blank_start]Adaptation[blank_end] is an inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances their survival and reproduction in specific environments. A trait that increases an organism's fitness relative to individuals lacking it is called [blank_start]relative fitness[blank_end]; the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation via [blank_start]reproduction[blank_end].

Natural selection is the only process that can naturally create adaptation.

Natural selection operates on [blank_start]individuals[blank_end], selected for/against (more fit, less fit). (not an all or none process)

When faced with a changing environment, what options does a population have?

Natural selection can only act on existing variations

Evolution is limited by historical constraints.

Adaptations are often compromises

Chance, natural selection, and the environment all interact.

Which concept distinguishes a species using distinctive external features?

Which concept says a group of population whose member have the potential to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring among their species?

Which concept views a species based on its ecological niche? (niche=sum of species using biotic and abiotic resources in its environment)

Which concept focuses on the smallest group of individuals on a phylogenetic tree? Phylogenetic defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor (e.g. morphology, molecular sequences)