Biochemistry Exam 4 Lipid Metabolism- PMU 2nd Year

Question

Biosynthesis of cholesterol:

Answer 1

occurs in mitochondria

Answer 2

occurs in cytosol

Answer 3

consumes hydrogen atoms in the form of NADPH

Answer 4

is accompanied with storage of energy in the form of ATP

Answer 5

requires a large quantity of ATP

Answer 6

an amino acid

Answer 7

composed of four rings and a side chain

Answer 8

composed of twenty seven carbon atoms

Answer 9

HMG-CoA synthase

Answer 10

HMG-CoA reductase

Answer 11

Mevalonate kinase

Answer 12

Squalene synthetase

Answer 13

phospholipase B

Answer 14

phospholipase D

Answer 15

cholesteryl ester molecules

Answer 16

phosphorylated triose (glycerol 3-phosphate)

Answer 17

fatty acids in the form of acyl-CoA

Answer 18

Triacylglycerols are formed by acylation of triose phosphates

Answer 19

Triacylglycerols are hydrolyzed by lipases

Answer 20

Triacylglycerols are polymerized into glycogen

Answer 21

Triacylglycerols are storage lipids stored in adipose tissue

Answer 22

Triacylglycerols are degraded by acyl-CoA synthase

Answer 23

cholesterol

Answer 24

triacylglycerol

Answer 25

sphingomyelin

Answer 26

phosphatidylcholine

Answer 27

HMG-CoA reductase

Answer 28

HMG-CoA synthase

Answer 29

Mevalonate kinase

Answer 30

Bile acids

Answer 31

steroid hormones

Answer 32

ketone bodies

Answer 33

oxidation of fatty acids occurs in mitochondria

Answer 34

oxidation of fatty acids occurs in cytosol

Answer 35

oxidation of fatty acids generates FADH2 and NADH

Answer 36

oxidation of fatty acids is catalyzed by a multifunctionai protein with seven enzyme activities

Answer 37

lipolysis is stimulated by adrenaline

Answer 38

lipolysis is inhibited by adrenaline

Answer 39

lipolysis is inhibited by insulin

Answer 40

lipolysis is stimulated by insulin

Answer 41

VLDL transport triacylglycerols from the liver to the extrahepatic tissues

Answer 42

VLDL deliver cholesterol to the tissues

Answer 43

LDL deliver cholesterol to the tissues

Answer 44

HDL remove cholesterol from the tissues and return it to the liver for excretion

Answer 45

cholesterol is an essential structural component of cellular membranes

Answer 46

cholesterol is the precursor of steroid hormones, bile acids and vit D3

Answer 47

HMG-CoA synthase is the main regulatory enzyme in the pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis

Answer 48

HMG-CoA reductase activity is increased by insulin

Answer 49

Acetoacetate

Answer 50

Acetyl-CoA

Answer 51

3-hydroxybutyrate

Answer 52

contain only apo B-100

Answer 53

contain apo B-100 and apo E

Answer 54

they transport cholesterol from the extrahepatic tissues to the liver

Answer 55

they transport cholesterol from the liver to the extrahepatic tissues

Answer 56

they transport triacylglycerols from the liver to the extrahepatic tissues

Answer 57

they are synthesized and secreted by separate glands

Answer 58

they have an escpecially fast metabolism

Answer 59

corticosteroids can block their production

Answer 60

thromboxanes are synthesized through the lipoxygenase pathway

Answer 61

derive only from the arachidonic acid

Answer 62

Phosphatidylinositol

Answer 63

Phosphatidylserine

Answer 64

Ganglioside

Answer 65

Acetyl-CoA, which serves as substrate for the synthesis, derives from B-oxidation

Answer 66

B-oxidation and lipogenesis are controlled reciprocally

Answer 67

Malonyl-CoA inhibits carnitine-palmitoyl transferase 2 and thus B-oxidation

Answer 68

Citrate is an activator of acetyl-CoA carboxylase

Answer 69

Ketogenesis occurs when there is an increase in the level of free fatty acids

Answer 70

All ketone bodies serve as an energy fuel for the extrahepatic tissues

Answer 71

Acetone and B-hydroxybutirate serve as energy fuel but acetoacetate does not

Answer 72

Ketone bodies are physiologically present in blood but in a very low concentration

Answer 73

The abnormal increase in the concentration of ketone bodies can cause ketoacidosis

Answer 74

HMG-CoA synthase and HMG-CoA lyase are enzymes from the pathway of ketogenesis

Answer 75

an enzyme, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, is needed

Answer 76

an enzyme, acyl-CoA synthetase, is needed

Answer 77

the enzyme is placed in inner mitochondrial membrane

Answer 78

the enzyme is placed in outer mitochondrial membrane

Answer 79

ATP is needed as energy donor

Answer 80

long-chain fatty acids are oxidized in mitochondrial matrix

Answer 81

peroxisomes oxidize very long-chain fatty acids

Answer 82

β-oxidation leads to an activated energy consumption

Answer 83

oxidation of fatty acids produces large quantity of NADH and FADH2 which leads to large production of ATP

Answer 84

oxidation of fatty acids produces large quantity of NADPH, which leads to acceleration of anabolic processes

Answer 85

NADPH for fatty acids biosynthesis is generated by the pentose phosphate pathway, mainly

Answer 86

NADPH is generated in the B-oxidation, mainly

Answer 87

hydrogen atoms, needed for reductive reactions in fatty acids biosynthesis, are produced by the respiratory chain

Answer 88

enzyme activities of the acyl synthase complex need NADPH

Answer 89

NADPH is also generated by the “malic” enzyme, placed in cytosol

Answer 90

ketone bodies are the main energy source for skeletal muscles

Answer 91

ketone bodies are an alternative energy source for extrahepatic tissues

Answer 92

ketone bodies enter glycolysis after activation

Answer 93

higher than normal quantities of ketone bodies in blood cause a condition called ketosis

Answer 94

ketosis is mild in starvation but severe in diabetes mellitus

Answer 95

is inhibited by lipids and cholesterol

Answer 96

is activated by phophorylation

Answer 97

insulin serves both as its activator but also as an inducer an gene level

Answer 98

in hypercholesterolaemia can be pharmologically affected by statins

Answer 99

acetyl-CoA

Answer 100

malonyl-CoA

Answer 101

propionyl-CoA

Answer 102

in mammals it is a multifunctional complex, organized as a hetrodimer

Answer 103

it functions together with acyl carrier protein, which contains 4-phosphopantethine as a prosthetic group

Answer 104

ketoacyl reductase uses NADH+H+ as a cofactor

Answer 105

the last enzyme is thioesterase

Answer 106

free fatty acids that arise from Iipolysis of triacylglycerol in adipose tissue are the precursors of ketone bodies

Answer 107

in starvation the insulin/glucagon ratio increases

Answer 108

ketosis is mild in starvation but severe in diabetes mellitus

Answer 109

ketogenesis occurs in the extrahepatic tissues

Answer 110

the biosynthesis of fatty acids (lipogenesis) occurs in the cytosol

Answer 111

in mammals the fatty acid synthase complex consists of three identical monomers

Answer 112

the main source of NADPH for the biosynthcsis of fatty acids is glycolysis

Answer 113

acetyl-CoA carboxylase is the main regulatory enzyme in lipogenesis

Answer 114

glycerol-3-phosphate and Acyl-CoA are required for the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols

Answer 115

glycerol kinase is active in muscle and adipose tissue

Answer 116

the degradation of triacylglycerols (lipolysis) is catalyzed by lipase

Answer 117

the hormone-sensitive lipase is activated by insulin

Answer 118

eicosanoids can be produced from arachidonic acid

Answer 119

the NSAIDs like aspirin, ibuprofen and indomethacin activate COX-1 and COX-2

Answer 120

arachidonic acid may be obtained from membrane phospholipids by the action of phospholipase A2

Answer 121

the cyclooxygenase pathway produces prostaglandins

Answer 122

phospholipase A1

Answer 123

phospholipase A2

Answer 124

phospholipase C

Answer 125

phospholipase D

Answer 126

is the degradation of fatty acids

Answer 127

is the degradation of triacylglycerols

Answer 128

occurs in the mitochondria

Answer 129

occurs in the cytoplasm

Answer 130

is activated by epinephrine and glucagon which dephosphorylate the hormone-sensitive lipase

Answer 131

HMG-CoA syntahse

Answer 132

Thioesterase

Answer 133

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

Answer 134

the primary bile acids are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol

Answer 135

the primary bile acids enter the bile as serine or alanine conjugates

Answer 136

the bile acids emulsify dietary lipids in the small intestine and aid their digestion

Answer 137

the bile acids emulsify dietary carbohydrates

Answer 138

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

Answer 139

3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase

Answer 140

acetyl-CoA carboxylase

Answer 141

HMG-CoA reductase

Answer 142

the fatty acid synthase complex in mammals is a dimer of two identical monomers

Answer 143

the synthesis of fatty acids (lipogenesis) occurs in the cytosol

Answer 144

acetyl-CoA carboxylase requires pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor

Answer 145

glucagon activates acetyl-CoA carboxylase by stimulating its phosphorylation

Answer 146

is inhibited by bile acids and cholesterol

Answer 147

is activated by phosphorylation

Answer 148

insulin serves both as its activator, but also as an inducer on gene level

Answer 149

in hypercholesterolaemia can be pharmocologically affected by statins

Answer 150

the levels of leptin in obesity are high and these of adiponectin- low

Answer 151

the higher HDL-cholesterol level is, the higher cardio-vascular risk is

Answer 152

a defect in LDL-receptors can cause hypercholesterolaemia

Answer 153

a deficiency in vitamin D in adults is called rickets

Answer 154

cholelithiasis can be caused by impaired ratio between cholesterol and bile acids as well as phospholipids in the gallbladder

Answer 155

is the main regulatory enzyme in β-oxidation

Answer 156

is activated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)

Answer 157

is inhibited by insulin- the activator of phosphodieterase

Answer 158

is inhibited by glucagon and the thyroid hormones

Answer 159

catalyzes the degradation of monacylglycerols to fatty acid and glycerol

Answer 160

functions in the mitochondria

Answer 161

Phosphatidylcortisol

Answer 162

Phosphatidylcholine

Answer 163

Glycerol-3-Phosphate

Answer 164

1, 2 diacylglycerol

Answer 165

their specific apoprotein is Apo B-100

Answer 166

their specific apoprotein is Apo B-48

Answer 167

they transport cholesterol from the intestines to the extrahepatic tissues

Answer 168

they transport triacylglycerols from the intestines to the extrahepatic tissues

Answer 169

they transport triacylglycerols from the liver to the extrahepatic tissues

Answer 170

are synthesized in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes

Answer 171

can serve as energy source for the brain

Answer 172

their synthesis is increased after feeding

Answer 173

their synthesis is pathologically increased in diabetes mellitus

Answer 174

there is a correlation between their degradation and Krebs cycle

Answer 175

it is inhibited by acetyl-CoA

Answer 176

it is inhibited by acyl-CoA

Answer 177

it is activated by dephosphorylation

Answer 178

it is activated by phosphorylation

Answer 179

It is regulated in a coordination with the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Answer 180

can be degraded only in the peroxisomes of the liver cell

Answer 181

together with the phospholipids is an essential component of the cell membranes

Answer 182

is the precursor of ketone bodies

Answer 183

the only possible way of its excretion is through bile and bile acids

Answer 184

its synthesis is under strict hormonal control realized on the level of HMG-CoA synthase

Answer 185

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

Answer 186

cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase

Answer 187

malic enzyme

Answer 188

malate dehydrogenase

Answer 189

pentose phosphate pathway

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Biochemistry Exam 4 Lipid Metabolism- PMU 2nd Year

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