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Wilcoxon is used when testing for a difference.
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Chi-square is used when testing for a correlation.
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Spearman's Rho is used when testing for a difference.
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Mann-Whitney is used when testing for a difference.
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What statistical test is used when the data is correlational?
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Mann-Whitney
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Chi-Square
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Spearman's Rho
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Wilcoxon
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What statistical test is used when the data is nominal?
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Spearman's Rho
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Chi-Square
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Wilcoxon
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Mann-Whitney
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Which statistical test is used when there is an independent groups design?
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Wilcoxon
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Spearman's Rho
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Chi-Square
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Mann-Whitney
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Which three of these apply to the Wilcoxon test?
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Data is ordinal, interval or ratio
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Data is nominal
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Used when testing for a difference
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Used with an independent groups design
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Used with a repeated measures design
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Used when the sets of data are related
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Psychologists most often use a probability of 95%, so there's a 5% chance the results aren't significant.
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Which type of error states that the results aren't significant, when in fact they are?
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Which type of error states that the results are significant, when in fact they're due to chance?
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A one-tailed test is used in conjunction with a directional hypothesis.
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A two-tailed test can only be used with a non-directional hypothesis.
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What is a directional hypothesis?
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A hypothesis that states the results will go a certain way, e.g. 'I predict women eat more food than men'
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A hypothesis that states there will be a difference, but doesn't say in which way, e.g. 'I predict there will be a difference between the amount that women and men eat'
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What is a null hypothesis?
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States there will be a difference, but doesn't say which way results will go, e.g. 'I predict there will be a difference in the amount women and men eat'
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States the results will be due to chance, e.g. 'There will be no significant difference in the amount men and women eat'
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Give two strengths of lab experiments.
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Greatest control over independent variable
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Higher ecological validity
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Few demand characteristics
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Control over ethics
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Give two weaknesses of natural experiments.
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Give one strength and one weakness of field experiments.
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Higher ecological validity than lab studies
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Full control over independent variables
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Less control over extraneous variables
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High risk of demand characteristics
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Demand characteristics are where the participants become aware (either consciously or subconsciously) of the aims of the study, and alter their behaviour as such.
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What are investigator effects?
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Anything the investigator does which has an effect on the behaviour of participants
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Where the participants become aware of the aims of the study and alter their behaviour as such
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Features of a research situation that alter the behaviour of participants, such as the time of day, temperature, noise levels etc.
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What is the difference between participant effects and participant variables?
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Participant effects is a general term to acknowledge the fact that p's behaviour can be influenced by being in a study; participant variables are characteristics of individual p's that can influence the outcome of a study
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Participant effects are characteristics of individual p's that can influence the outcome of a study; participant variables is a general term to acknowledge the fact that p's behaviour can be influenced by being in a study
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Single blind tests are where the participants don't know the aims of the study.
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Double blind tests are where the neither participants nor experimenters know the aims of the study.
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How can situational variables be overcome? (Give two answers.)
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Standardisation
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Double blind
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Counterbalancing
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Anonymity
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Matched pairs
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Order effects can be overcome using counterbalancing.
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Volunteer bias can be overcome using random sampling.
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There are seven ethical considerations needed when conducting human research.