Biology unit 1

Frage	Antworten
What 7 things does a healthy diet contain?	1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Fats 4. Vitamins 5. Minerals 6. Fibre 7. Water
What is metabolic rate?	Metabolic rate (or metabolism) is a measurement of how quickly chemical reactions happen in your cells.
What factors affect metabolic rate?	Proportion of muscle to fat (therefore men usually have a higher metabolic rate than women). Amount of exercise - metabolic rate will be raised for a time even after exercise stops. Genetic factors.
What are the two types of metabolic rate and what are they?	Basal metabolic rate is an estimate for the amount of calories that the body expends by doing continual work such as breathing and maintaining body temperature. Active metabolic rate is affected by how much activity you do.
What does a low metabolic rate mean?	You use less energy and need less food than someone with a high metabolic rate. You are more likely to be overweight.
What is an epidemic?	A disease that spreads quickly and infects more people than expected
What is a pathogen?	A disease causing micro-organism (bacteria or virus)
Draw the structure of a bacteria cell and label it	Image: bacteria (image/jpg)
Draw a virus and label it	Image: virus (image/jpg)
What are inherited diseases?	Diseases that are caused by faulty genetic material that is passed on from parents to off spring
What are mutations?	Changes in DNA
How are mutations caused?	They can be spontaneous or caused by exposure to mutagens such as radiation and certain chemicals
What are the 4 major types of pathogens?	Bacteria, virus, fungi and protozoa
Name some diseases caused by bacteria	Cholera, TB, dysentery, salmonella
Name some diseases caused by viruses	Flu, HIV, measles, mumps
Name some disease caused by fungi	Athletes foot, ringworm, nail infections
Name some diseases caused by protozoa (live inside animals)	Malaria, amoebic, dysentery
What do you have more of in your blood - red or white blood cells?	Red
What is phagocytosis?	It means cell eating. Phagocytes recognise bacteria as a pathogen then the phagocyte fuses round a single bacterium. The phagocyte then releases toxic chemicals which break down and digest the bacterium. The phagocyte then absorbs any useful material and expels the rest.
What are the three types of white blood cell and what do they do?	Phagocytes - engulf microbes T-Lymphocytes - recognise antigens and either attack directly or coordinate the other cells B-lymphocytes - produce antibodies
What do vaccinations contain?	Live pathogens treated to make them harmless Harmless fragments of the pathogen Toxins produced by pathogens Dead pathogens
How do vaccinations work?	1. Weakened pathogen introduced by vaccination 2. Phagocytes detect weakened pathogen and ingests it. 3. Phagocytes tell lymphocytes the appropriate antibody to make 4. Antibodies are made 5. Later on...pathogen enters 6. Lymphocytes remember pathogen and produce antibodies straight away 7. Antibodies clump the pathogen in one place and marks it for ingestion 8. Easier for phagocyte to ingest all of the pathogen at once. 9. This prevents the illness from developing
How do antibiotic resistant bacteria come about?	1. Some species of bacteria can double in number every 15-20 minutes and, because the bacteria are dividing so quickly, random mutations occur in the genes. Sometimes the mutations mean that the bacteria are resistant to the antibiotic. 2. This is advantageous mutation and these bacteria survive while the other bacteria are killed off by the vaccine or antibiotics. 3. Only the resistant bacteria are left and it continues to reproduce until all the bacteria are resistant to the drug.
What does aseptic mean?	Free of pathogenic microorganisms
What does aseptic technique mean?	A procedure carried out in sterile conditions
How do you aseptically grow bacteria?	Sterilise a wire hoop in a Bunsen burner flame until it glows then let it cool down. Don't blow on it or wave it around. Pick up a sample of bacteria with the wire hoop and gently zig-zag over the surface of the agar plate.
What are drugs?	Substances which change the way a person's body works. They can affect the mind, body or both.
What does addicted mean?	When a drug changes the chemical processes in people's bodies so that they become dependent on it.
Give some examples of withdrawal symptoms	Sweating, shaking, sickness
Name three legal drugs	Alcohol, tobacco, paracetamol
Name three illegal drugs	Cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy
Name the addictive drug in cigarettes	Nicotine
Name the addictive drug in alcoholic drinks	Ethanol
What class of drug is cannabis?	B
Give two harmful effects of smoking cannabis	Hallucinations Confusion
Name a carcinogen found in cigarette smoke	Tar
What does alcohol do to you?	Short term: Slurred speech, slow reaction times Long term: Sleeplessness, memory loss, damages brain cells
What are extraneous variables?	Factors other than the independent variable that might affect the dependent variable.
What is the placebo effect?	When people feel better because they aye given a drug, not because the drug works but because they believe the drug will work
What is a blind trial?	When the participants don't know whether they are taking the real drug or not.
What is a double blind trial?	When the researchers/doctors and the participants don't know who has the real drug.
What are the three stages of drug development and why are they carried out?	Pre-clinical development (testing on animals and human tissue) - to see if the drug works and if it is toxic Clinical development (testing on volunteers) - to see if the drug actually works on humans and to check for side effects Drug launch (testing on patients) - To check for rare side effects, to develop long acting tablets, to work out dosage required and efficacy
What is an antiseptic?	A substance that prevents the growth and development of microorganisms
Who was Ignaz Semmelweis?	A Hungarian physician who worked out that washing hands helped to stop deaths and the spread of diseases.
Where is cholesterol made?	In the liver
What is cholesterol needed for?	Making cell membranes, sex hormones and lowering stress levels.
What do statins do?	Lower cholesterol levels by reducing the amount of cholesterol made by the liver
What happens if your cholesterol is too high?	You have an increased risk of clogged arteries and heart disease
What affects the amount of cholesterol you have?	The amount of fat in your diet and inherited factors (genes)
What are antibiotics?	Antibiotics are substances that kill bacteria or stop their growth. They do not work against viruses.
What is the first line of defence?	skin chemicals in tears chemicals in sweat stomach acid
What is the second line of defence?	If a pathogen manages to get into the body, the second line of defence takes over. This is called active immunity. The white blood cells have key functions in this.
Third line of defence?	Antibodies

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