Health Stress and Coping - flash cards

Frage	Antworten
What are the 3 factors of the Biopsychosocial model of health?	-Biological factors - psychological factors - social factors
What are the 4 health psych theories?	- Health belief model - protection motivation theory - theory of reasoned action - theory of planned behaviour
What are the 4 factors of the Health Belief Model?	- perceived susceptibility - perceived severity - benefits & barriers to action - cues to action
How would you explain perceived susceptibility in the - Health Belief Model - Using Sun Cancer as example -	someone's perception that they're likely to contract a particular condition. eg: they believe either... "I'm susceptible, I will get skin cancer" - if you believe you are susceptible - you're less likely to keep sun-tanning. or.. I'm not susceptible and will be fine - continue sun-tanning.
How would you explain perceived severity in the - Health Belief Model - Using Sun Cancer as example -	someone's perception of how serious a condition is, and the impact it'll have on their lives. - The more severe you perceive the consequences to be the more likely you will stop engaging in the behaviour. eg: high severity - WILL get skin cancer - stop sun-tanning Low severity - WON'T get skin cancer - continue sun-tanning
How would you explain benefits & barriers to action in the - Health Belief Model - Using Sun Cancer as example -	Individual's evaluations of the benefits and costs to be gained from stopping behaviour. eg: benefits of stopping sun-tanning - healthy skin, wont have any harmful sun effects or cancer. Barriers - ill be white and ugly - continue suntanning
How would you explain cues to action in the - Health Belief Model - Using Sun Cancer as example -	external factors/influences that influence whether or not we engage in particular behaviour. eg: Campaigns promoting skin safe behaviour. -slip,slop,slap = stop sun tanning
What factor (5th factor) was missing from the Health Belief Model that was later added to the Protection Motivation Theory? What does this mean?	SELF-EFFICACY The individual's confidence in their own ability to take action.
How would you explain self-efficacy in the - Protection Motivation Theory? - Using Sun Cancer as example -	Individual's confidence in their ability to take action. eg: do you feel you can stop sun-tanning? I believe I can stop - then you will stop sun-tanning. I cant stop - then you wont stop sun-tanning.
THEORY OF REASONED ACTION (most widely used) predicting intentions..... Explain the1st factor - Attitudes towards behaviour - What are the outcomes? EXAMPLE IDEA- QUITTING SMOKING	1st factor - attitudes towards behaviour The individual's perceptions about engaging in this sort of behaviour? What are the outcomes of engaging in the behaviour Positive Attitude about Quitting Smoking = Greater intention to quit = more likely to quit smoking Postive Outcomes of quitting: Healthier, Less chance of lung cancer, less stigma. Negative Attitude about Quitting Smoking = Lower intention to quit = less likely to quit smoking Negative Outcomes of quitting: greater stress, less pleasure, weight gain.
1st factor - Attitudes towards Behaviour What determines whether you will develop a negative or positive attitude towards the behaviour?	It is determined by how strong these beliefs are that determines if you develop a negative or positive attitude toward the behaviour, as well as how many positive or negative beliefs you have.
THEORY OF REASONED ACTION What does this theory predict that predicts intentions? Explain the 2nd factor - subjective norm EXAMPLE - QUITTING SMOKING	2nd factor - subjective norm The beliefs you have about what other people think you should do. If peers want you to quit smoking= subjective norm FOR quitting smoking = GREATER intention to quit smoking = MORE LIKELY to quit smoking. Peers don't want you to quit smoking = subjective norm AGAINST quitting smoking = LOWER intention to quit smoking = LESS LIKELY to quit smoking.
THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR The 3rd factor that was added on from the theory of reasoned action. Explain the 3rd factor - Planned behaviour EXAMPLE - QUITTING SMOKING	Can I engage in this behaviour, do I have control over this behaviour? This 3rd factor overrides the first two factors, because if you perceive you cannot engage in a behaviour then you won't be able to engage in the behaviour. POSITIVE - you have a POSITIVE attitude towards quitting smoking & subjective norm FOR quitting smoking = HIGH perceived behavioural control = GREATER intention to quit smoking = MORE LIKELY to quit smoking. NEGATIVE - you have a POSITIVE attitude towards quitting smoking & subjective norm FOR quitting smoking & LOW perceived behavioural control = GREATER intention to quit smoking = LESS LIKELY to quit smoking. meaning: despite positive attitude & subjective norms for quitting smoking (peers support quitting), with a low perceived behavioural control; despite greater intentions, the chances are you're less likely that to quit smoking.
BARRIERS TO HEALTH-PROMOTION Individual Barriers - HEALTH-COMPROMISING BEHAVIOURS	HEALTH-COMPROMISING BEHAVIOURS: NEGATIVE effects don't occur immediately eating junk food is more rewarding in the short term (it's yummy)
BARRIERS TO HEALTH-PROMOTION Individual Barriers - HEALTH-PROMOTING BEHAVIOURS	HEALTH-PROMOTING BEHAVIOURS: Are less enjoyable, more effortful, POSITIVE effects don't occur immediately.
BARRIERS TO HEALTH-PROMOTION Individual Barriers - UNREALISTIC OPTIMISM	UNREALISTIC OPTIMISM: We don't think we will get fat/sick/cancer which is why we don't engage in health-promoting behaviours enough.
BARRIERS TO HEALTH-PROMOTION Individual Barriers - MOTIVATED IGNORANCE	MOTIVATED IGNORANCE: We know all the negative consequences but do it anyway. eg: smokers still smoke despite knowing its bad.
BARRIERS TO HEALTH-PROMOTION Family - Parent modelling	if the family is modelling health-compromising behaviours then it's hard (it's a barrier) to engage in health-promoting behaviours.
BARRIERS TO HEALTH-PROMOTION Family - HEALTH SYSTEM BARRIERS	- Lack of health insurance - Doctor-patient relationship (good rapport needed) eg: sexual health check - some Drs may judge patient, so they are less willing to go see Drs.
BARRIERS TO HEALTH-PROMOTION Family - COMMUNITY, CULTURAL & ETHNIC BARRIERS	- Social norms - its ok to eat fatty food cuz everyone else does -Impoverishment - the cheapest food to buy is the worst for your health
STRESS Stress Appraisal - 1. When would you use a Primary Appraisal? 2. Explain Primary Appraisal.	You would use a primary appraisal upon being faced with a certain situation, eg: sky diving. you would then ask yourself "Is the situation stressful, benign or irrelevant?"
STRESS Stress Appraisal - 1. Why would you use Secondary Appraisal? 2. Explain Secondary Appraisal.	- If made the primary appraisal that the situation is stressful then you go onto secondary appraisal. - How do I respond to this stress?
STRESS Stress Appraisal - Explain Emotional Forecasting	Thinking about future us and how would we respond to the stressor as well as how we were to cope in a particular way.
STRESS MAJOR TYPES What are Lazarus' three types?	Lazarus’ three types: Harm or loss: Damage that has already occurred (e.g. accident, job loss) Threat: comes from Anticipating harm or loss (e.g. fear of failing, fear of regret) Challenge: a Positive experience that is associated with stressors...Opportunity for growth - Uni!
STRESS SOURCES What are Change/life events?	Typically involve change: noticeable alterations in one’s - living circumstances that - require readjustment Social Re-adjustment Rating Scale - (Holmes & Rahe, 1997) measures exposure to stressful life events ▲ Most stressful event – death of loved one (spouse/child) - ► associated with mortality Acculturative stress: - stress experienced when trying to adapt to a new culture
STRESS SOURCES Change/life events - What is the most stressful event in peoples lives? What is it associated with?	Death of a loved one (spouse/child) Its associated with mortality Stress of losing a loved one - leads to physical impairments
STRESS SOURCES Catastrophes	Associated with - loss and harm Stressors occurring on a mass level Types: ► Natural (e.g. floods, bushfires, earthquakes, tsunamis) ► Human (e.g. war, conflict)
STRESS SOURCES Daily Hassles	Irritating, frustrating, distressing everyday demands
STRESS PHYSIOLOGY How stress affects us PHYSIOLOGY	Fight or Flight (Cannon, 1932) Autonomic nervous system mobilises organism for attacking (fight) or fleeing (flight) an enemy Not so adaptive in the modern world for humans Modern day - you cant fight your boss, you want to keep your job so you can't run away (flight) So we end up in prolonged state of stress or state of enduring physiological arousal
STRESS PHYSIOLOGY General Adaptation Syndrome: A model of body’s stress responses, consisting of 3 stages: What are they? Why do we go through these stages?	We cant fight or flight and are left in a prolonged state of stress, so we go through these stages. ALARM Recognition of threat Heightened physiological arousal RESISTANCE Stress continues Physiological changes stabilise as coping begins If stress is prolonged for too long, leads to - EXHAUSTION Resources are limited Physiological arousal decreases Resistance reduced Can lead to collapse Stress responses are non-specific meaning: doesnt matter how minor or major the stress is you will do through these stages - same response irrespective of type of stressor.
STRESS PHYSIOLOGY General Adaptation Syndrome: A model of body’s stress responses, consisting of 3 stages: What is the Resistance level?	Stages of syndrome
STRESS & COPING Problem-focused coping	More productive - (eg: just do uni work) Deal with the stressor itself ► Efforts to change the situation ► Problem solving: remove stressor, resolve situation, seek advice
STRESS & COPING Emotional-focused coping	Less productive - not dealing with stressor (drink wine when feeling stressed) ► Efforts to alter thoughts ► Efforts to alter unpleasant emotional consequences of stress
STRESS & PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH What PROBLEMS has stress been found to be associated with?	► poor academic/occupational performance ► burnout ► insomnia & other sleep disturbances ► sexual difficulties ► alcohol/drug abuse
STRESS & PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH What Psychological disorders has stress been found to be associated with?	►depression ► schizophrenia ► anxiety disorders ► eating disorders
STRESS & PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH What is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder attributed to?	Enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event ► Seen in victims, survivors, witnesses, as well as rescue workers ► Symptoms: nightmares, flashbacks, emotional numbing, alienation, disrupted social relations, vulnerability, anxiety, anger, guilt
STRESS & PHYSICAL HEALTH What is the difference between type A & type B personalities?	Type A: ► strong competitive orientation ► impatience & time urgency ► anger & hostility ►leads to heart disease Type B: ► relaxed, patient, & easy-going The more angry you are the greater risk of heart disease!
STRESS & PHYSICAL HEALTH How does Stress affect our Immune Functioning?	Immune response is the body’s defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral agents, or other foreign substances. Stressors such as crowding, shock, lack of food & restraint reduce immune functioning in animals Lines up with the resistance faze Stress and the common cold - the more stressed you are the more likely you were to become sick from nasal drops
STRESS SOCIAL SUPPORT What can we do to prevent these effects from occurring?	Talk to friends The presence of others ► in whom one can confide ► from whom one can expect help & concern
STRESS SOCIAL SUPPORT What are the Two hypotheses for why we feel better after speaking with someone about our stresses?	Two hypotheses: ► Buffering hypothesis - The stress isnt gone its just lessened cuz we feel like friend is like a buffer and reduces impact on persons health ► Direct effects hypothesis - social support actually lessens stress.
What is STRESS OPTIMISM?	►More likely to seek social support ►More positive appraisals of stressful events ►Stress dealt with in more adaptive ways ►Enhanced immune functioning

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Health Stress and Coping - flash cards

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