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| Frage | Antworten |
| What differences religion, art, law from science? | Religion, art and law are absolute doctrines, where as Science is relative its in constant development. |
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Who is the founder of the natural philosophy?
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Thales Miletus |
| 1.-What is the name of our galaxy? 2.-How many stars does it approximately have? 3.-What does it consist of mostly? | 1.-The solar system resides in the Milky Way 2.-conglomeration of approx. 200 million starts 3.- It consist mostly spaced starts, and dense dust. |
| 1.-What is the diameter of the MW? 2.-Mass of the MW? 3.- How far from the center is the sun, in the MW? 4.-What kind of shape does the MW has when seen in edge view? | 1.- approx. 80,000 light years 2.-approx. 750 billion times the mass of the sun 3.- 22,000 light years from center 4.-lens shape |
| How many arms there are in the galaxy? What are their names? In which one is the Earth situated? | The galaxy has 4 arms Sagittarius, Cygnus-Orion, Perseus,Centaurus. The Solar System is in the Cygnus-Orion arm. |
| What is the name of the closest galaxies to the MW? | Andromeda and Canis Major Dwarf |
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What does this man discovered?
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He discovered the RED-SHIFT ( moving away from the Earth), and BLU_SHIFT (moving towards the Earth) of galaxies. |
| Who is this man, and what did he provide to Science? | Astronomer Edwin Hubble, who observed the farther away the galaxy is, the faster it is receding. He provided evidence to assume that the universe is expanding. A Paradigm level ( accepted views of the subject) |
| What are some characteristics of Science? | Entirely relative, Science is not agnostic (agnostic.-cannot know), developed through contradiction and debate, science does not accept directionality. |
| Anaximander of Miletus, what did he do? | He produced the first map of the known world |
| In Astronomy, what were his considerations about the celestial bodies | He considered that the earth was at the centre and the planets and the moon revolving around it. |
| Who created this system, and what is it name? | Ptolemy of Alexandria, and that is the "geocentric" the earth at the centre of the system. |
| Who is this man and what did he provided to science? | That is Nicolaus Copernicus, he provided the "heliocentric" system where the sun is the center and the other celestial bodies orbit around it. |
| When does the expansion of the universe initiated? | 13.7-13.8 billion years ago |
| What are the two major subdivisions of geology? What is their difference? | Physical Geology: focuses on earth components and processes. Historical Geology: formation and evolution of our planet, and all its supersystems. Difference: physical geology is bout CHANGE, historical geology is about EVOLUTION. |
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designed the first?
discovered of Jupiter?
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Telescope, discovered Jupiter four natural satellites: Io, Europa, Callisto,Ganymede. |
| Johannes Kepler demonstrated that? | The planets move around the Sun on elliptical orbits. |
| The Royal Society of London was established? | 1660 |
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He published the first papers in Geology, about?
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The principles of layer formation |
| Our galaxy is part of the______? And that group is part of a greater agglomeration of stars, the ________? | 1.Local group (cluster) of galaxies 2.Virgo Supergroup (Supercluster) |
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Explains the initiation of the universe |
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Measure the discrete temperature fluctuations in the deepest regions of the space. |
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Plotted the oldest light in the universe. |
| Nebulae? | Concentrations of interstellar gas and dust. Eagle Nebulae- BIRTHPLACE OF STARS |
| Stars? | H and He Star life depends on its consumption of Hydrogen, due to shrinking. Gravitational contraction. |
| From smallest to largest star sizes? | Earth Sirius B Proxima Centauri Sun Syrius A Rigel Antares |
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????
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The SUN radiates energy due to continuos thermonuclear reactions. thermonuclear reactions-H combines to form He |
| SUN?? | 98.8% of the total mass of solar system Temperature of 20 million degrees celsius Amount of radiation receive is INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL with the distance from the sun |
| The solar system is composed of? | The sun, 9 planets, natural satellites, asteroids, comets, meteorites, space dust |
| Natural satellite of the Earth Diameter of !/4 of Earth's 1 of the largest natural satellites Surface consists of depression regions, and highlands. Surface shows numerous craters | |
| Terrestrial planets? | Small,rocky surface, thin atmosphere My Very Easy Method (Mars, Venus,Earth,Mars) |
| Jovian planets? | Larger, gaseous, thick atmosphere, rings Just Speeds Up Names (Jupiter, Saturn,Uranus,Neptune) |
| Icy Planets? | Small, surface covered with thick layer of ice PLUTO |
| Internal Structure of Rocky planets? |
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| Jupiter natural satellites? | Io Europa Callisto Ganymede |
| What is special about Io? | Its active volcanoes |
| Saturn natural satellites? | 31, largest one TITAN |
| Neptune largest natural satellite? | TRITON |
| LARGEST ASTEROID? | CERES |
| FLYING MOUNTAINS? | ASTEROIDS |
| COMETS CONSIST MOSTLY OF? | CH4, NH3,CO2,CO,H2O |
| TYPES OF METEORITES? | STONY- SILICON COMPOSITION (chondrites) IRON- IRON AND NICKEL ALLOYS COMPOSITION STONY-IRON.- SILICON AND IRON-NICKEL ALLOYS COMPOSITION |
| SPACE DUST CONSIST MOSTLY OF?? | C, Mg, Fe, Ca |
| Solar Nebulae Theory? Kant- Laplace theory | formation of earth as part of the solar system developed by I. Kant improved by Laplace |
| Solar nebulae theory phases? | 1.contracting cold cloud 2. rotating and heating cloud 3.chaotic swirling & incipient accretion 4.formation of protoplanets & protosun 5.birth of sun 6.major collisions and readjustments |
| Mass of the Earth? | 5.973x10^24 kg |
| Density of Earth? | 5.5 g/cm^3 |
| Radius of earth? | 6378.1 km at the Equator 6356.8 km at the Pole Average of 6371km |
| Crystallography? | Study of Crystals |
| Study of minerals composition, architecture, physical properties and occurence of minerals | Mineralogy |
| Study of rocks, and subdisciplines | Petrology; 1.Igneous 2.Sedimentary 3.Metamorphic |
| Study of Sediments | Sedimentology |
| Study of fossils | Paleontology |
| Study of layers and bodies of rocks arrangements in Earths interior | Stratigraphy |
| Structural Geology | 3D distribution of rock units w/deformation history |
| Geochemstry | study of composition of Earth, chemical reactions in natural environment, with chemistry tools |
| Geochronology | Geological time in absolute values |
| Tectonics | regional geological features |
| Geophysics | physical properties & materials in its composition |
| Geomorphology | Landscape formation |
| Seismology | Earthquakes |
| Earth Formation phases | Nebulae Theory Particle concentration Formation of rock chunk Gradual increase in size Primordial gravitational field (attraction of particle, inelastic collisions, collision with asteroids, rock fragments) radioactive decay(heat & energy) Gravitational differentiation (sinking of high specific gravity metals to the core, lighter mineral floating to the mantle) |
| Outcrops |
degradation changes original composition
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Water, Mineral and Oil exploration rarely beyond 10km, often <3km |
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explosive detonation propagation of seismic wave(chemical composition, environmental characteristics, subsurface fluids) reflection of seismic waves layers and discontinuities inferred (arrival times) |
| Earthquakes | natural discharge of mechanical energy in the subsurface seismic observations by seismograms (amplitud, magnitude, epicenter and hypocentre position calculation) |
| When _____waves are used, the discontinuities in the subsurfaces corresponds to _______, it is possible to study ____ wave propagation in order to investigate the _______ architecture in the Earth interior. | 1.Seismic 2.boundaries between layers 3.seismic wave 4.strata |
| The place where an eartquake actually happens is known as the___? | Hypocenter of focus |
| From the 2 types of wave function of the direction of seismic waves during an earthquake, which one travels in the Earth interior? and which one in the shallowest parts? | Body waves travel inside the Earth's interior Surface waves travels in the shallowest parts |
| Which waves are produce during the energy discharged? (in an earthquake) | BODY WAVES |
| What are the types of BODY waves? | primary (P-waves the fastest, first to be recorded) and also known as shear waves secondary (S-waves) |
| Two kinds of Surface waves? | Vertical surface waves Horizontal surface waves (both slow) |
| Earth internal structure Chemical Subdivisions | CORE MANTLE CRUST |
| Earth Internal Structure | Inner Core Outer Core Mesosphere Asthenosphere Lithosphere |
| THE CORE | EARTH CENTRE SOLID/MOLTEN STATTE Fe DOMINATED SUBDOMINANT IN Ni AVG DENSITY 11g/cm^3 |
| THE MANTLE | SEPARATES CORE FROM CRUST PREDOMINANTLY MADE OF SILICON, Mg and Fe 80% by volume of earths internal structure |
| GUTTENBERG DISCONTINUITY LIES AT THE BOUNDARY OF WHAT TWO LAYERS? | THE MANTLE AND OUTER CORE |
| THE CRUST | SILICATE DOMINATED |
| WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE DISCONTINUITY THAT BOUNDS THE CRUST WITH THE MANTLE? | THE MOHOROVICHICH DISCONTINUITY |
| DISTANCE FROM THE CENTER TO THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH? | 6400 KM |
| WHAT KEEPS THE INNER CORE SOLID(IN CONTRAST WITH THE OUTER CORE)? | THE HIGH PRESSURES |
| INNER CORE DOMINATED BY? (CONSISTED OF) | IRON-NICKEL |
| MATTER STATE OF INNER CORE? | SOLID IN NATURE, DUE TO HIGH PRESSURE |
| OUTER CORE, STATE? AND IT IS DIRECTLY UNDER THE______DISCONTINUITY? | LIQUID STATE, GUTTENBERG DISCONTINUITY, CONSISTED DOMINANTLY OF IRON AND NICKEL |
| MESOSPHERE CORRESPONDS TO THE? | OUTER MOST LAYER SOLID AND HIGH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE |
| ASTHENOSPHERE CORRESPONDS? | TO THE PARTS OF THE UPPER MANTLE, HIGH TEMPERATURE AND REDUCES PRESSURE ZONE. EXIST IN PLASTIC STATE AND SUSCEPTIBLE TO GRADUAL FLOW. |
| LITHOSPHERE CORRESPONDS TO? CHARACTERIZED BY? | OUTER MOST LAYER, CRUST, CHARACTERIZED BY MOVEMENT AND TEARING APART |
| ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH? CRUST? CORE? | HIGH VARIABILITY WITHIN THE CRUST IRON AND NICKEL FROM THE CORE 90% Fe, Si, O, Mg |
| WHAT IS WEATHERING? | PHYSICAL DISINTEGRATION OR FRAGMENTATION AND CHEMICAL ALTERATION OF SOLID ROCKS |
| BREAKDOWN OF SOLID ROCKS, FORMATION OF SEDIMENT AND NEW LANDFORMS, DOES NOT INVOLVE THE MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS, CORRESPONDS TO___? | WEATHERING |
| WHAT IS MASS MOVEMENT? |
SLOW OR RAPID MOVEMENT OF SOIL OR ROCKS DOWNSLOPE DUE TO GRAVITY
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| WEATHERING FACTORS? | CLIMATE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION TIME GEOLOGICAL FEATURES SURFACE AREA |
| CLIMATE WEATHERING DEPENDS ON? | TEMPERATURE RAINFALL/WATER |
| CHEMICAL COMPOSITION WEAHERING DEPENDS ON? | MINERAL STABILITY |
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IS A??
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INCOMPETENT ROCK |
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IS A??
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COMPETENT ROCK, BECAUSE THERE IS NO FRACTURES THAT COULD LEAD TO CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICA OR CLIMATE WEATHERING |
| WHAT IS MECHANICAL WEATHERING? | PHYSICAL BREAKDOWN OF INTACT ROCKS WITHOUT ANY CHEMICAL ALTERATION |
| BREAKDOWN INFLUENCED BY WIND,WATER,GLACIER AND GRAVITY IS WHAT KIND OF WEAHERING? | MECHANICAL WEATHERING |
| WHAT ARE THE MECHANISM OF MECHANICAL WEATHERING? | STRESS RELEASE FREEZING AND THAWING CYCLE FRICTION AND ABRASION |
| ARE TYPES OF? | MECHANICAL WEATHERING |
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WHAT IS JOINTING?
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DUE TO HIGH PRESSURE RELEASE(FROM EROSION) ON ROCK ORIGINALLY IN THE SUBSURFACE, THERE ARE CRACKS FORM THOSE ARE THE JOINTS |
| FROST WEDGING? WHAT IS IT? | |
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WHAT IS EXFOLIATION ON ROCKS?
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COMBINATION OF PRESSURE RELEASE AND THE CYCLIC HEATING AND COOLING OF ROCKS ONION LIKE PEELING OF ROCKS |
| WHAT IS CHEMICAL WEATHERING? | ROCK ALTERATION BY CHEMICAL RXN, LEADS TO CHANGE IN COMPOSITION. |
| SURFACE AREA IS A N IMPORTANT FACTOR OF __________WEATHERING? | CHEMICAL WEATHERING |
| SOLUTION/DISSOLUTION IN CHEMICAL WEATHERING REPRESENTS | MINERALS DISSOLVING IN ROCKS LEADING TO THE FORMATION OF CATIONS AND ANIONS |
| HYDROLYSIS IN CHEMICAL WEATHERING OCCURS WHEN? | ROCKS REACT WITH WATER AND NEW PRODUCTS ARE FORMED |
| WHAT DOES HYDROLYSIS USUALLY LEADS TO FORMATION OF? | CLAYS AND QUARTZ |
| CHEMICAL WEATHERING: OXIDATION? | REACT WITH O IN AIR OR WATER COLOR CHANGE IS COMMON LOSS OF ELECTRONS |
| RUST IS A GOOD EXAMPLE OF? | OXIDATION |
| WHAT IS BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING? |
WEAKENING AND DISINTEGRATION OF ROCKS BY PLANTS, ANIMALS MICROBES
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| BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING CAN BE______? | MECHANICAL OR CHEMICAL LEAST TYPE OF WEATHERING |
| MECHANISMS OF BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING ARE? | BURROWING OF ANIMALS PLANT ROOT GROWTH HUMAN ACTIVITIES |
| MASS MOVEMENT FACTORS? | SLOPE STEEPNESS WATER VEGETATION GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES |
| HOW DOES WATER AFFECTS MASS MOVEMENT? | IT CAN INCREASE WEIGHT LEADING TO STRESS BUILT UP, ADSORPTION OF WATER IN MINERALS CAN REDUCE FRICTION, CAN INCREASE AND REDUSE COHESION,CAN INCREASE MINERALS AND REDUCE COHESION |
| MORE PLANTS, LESS ______ | MASS MOVEMENT |
| PLANTS REDUCES_____ FROM SOIL | WATER |
| IN GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES, THE MORE FRACTIONS THERE ARE THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MASS MOVEMENT_________? | INCREASES |
| WHAT DOES SOIL CREE DOES ON TREE TRUNKS? |
IT CURVES THEM
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| SOIL CREEP INDICATORS? | CURVED TREE TRUNKS TILTED POLES AND FENCES GROUND AND SOIL RIPPLES |
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REPRESENTS?
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SOIL CREEP |
| WHAT ARE SLUMPS? | SOIL AND ROCKS SLIDING DOWN ALONG CONCAVE SLIP SURFACE |
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TRIGGERED BY?
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WAVE ACTION EROSION HUMAN ACTIVITY |
| WHAT DOES SLIDE REPRESENT ON MASS MOVEMENT? | SLIDING OF SOIL OR ROCK MASS DOWNHILL IN AN INTACT UNIT |
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REPRESENTS?
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ICE SLIDE IT IS FAST!!! |
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ALL MASS MOVEMENT TYPES |
| FLOW IS FAST OR SLOW DOWNHILL? IT CONTAINS? | FAST, MIXTURE F ROCK, SOIL AND WATER |
| WHAT DOES MUDFLOW CONTAINS? | MATERIALS FINER THAN SAND |
| WHAT DOES DEBRIS FLAW CONTAINS? |
CONTAINS MATERIALS COARSER THAN SAND
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| WHERE DOES LAHAR FLOWS RESULTS FROM? | FROM VOLCANIC ERUPTION, AS LAVA MOVEMENT |
| AVALANCHE, RAPID DOWNHILL MOVEMENT OF SNOW | |
| WHAT ARE ROCKS? | SOLID MADE OF MINERALS |
| WHAT IS A MINERAL? | NATURALLY OCCURRING INORGANIC SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS SOLID DEFINITE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION |
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WHAT IS A MINERALOID?
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BEHAVE LIKE MINERALS BUT ARE IN AMORPHOUS STATE DEVOID OF A CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE. |
| WHAT IS AN ATOM? | SMALLEST UNIT IT DEFINES CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR ISOTOPES |
| ATOMIC NUCLEI? | CENTER OF AN ATOM P(+) AND NEUTRONS(=) |
| WHAT IS AN ELECTRON CLOUD? | CONSISTS OF ELECTRONS (-) AND ORBITALS |
| ATOMIC # | # OF P(+) IN THE NUCLEUS |
| MASS # | TOTAL= P(+) AND NEUTRONS(=) |
| ISOTOPES? | ELEMENTS WITH SAME NUMBER OF PROTONS, AND DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS |
| WHAT IS A MOLECULE? | 2 OR MORE ATOMS HELD TOGETHER IN CHEMICAL BOND, THEY ARE ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL |
| WHAT IS A COMPOUND? | MOLECULE OF AT LEAST TWO ATOMS OF DIFFERENT ELEMENTS |
| WHAT IS AN ION? WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES? | ION IS THE ATOM/MOLECULE ATTAINMENT OF STABILITY BY GAIN/LOSS OF E(-) CATION (+) POSITIVELY CHARGE (LOSS OF ELECTRON(-)) ANION(-) NEGATIVELY CHARGE GAIN OF ELECTRON |
| WHAT IS BONDIND? | TWO OR MORE ATOMS INVOLVE VALENCE ELECTRONS INVOLVED ATOMS OF THE SAME OR DIFFERENT ELEMENTS |
| TYPES OF BONDING? | IONIC BONDING- TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS BETWEEN METALS AND NON-METALS(WEAK BOND) COVALENT- SHARING OF VALENCE E(-) (STRONG BOND) |
| WHAT ARE SOME MINERALS STUDY TECHNIQUES? | HAND LENS, MICROSCOPE, X-RAY, ICP-MS (INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY) |
| MINERAL CRYSTAL SYSTEM: WHAT IS A CRYSTAL? | UNIQUE ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES, BASED ON AXIAL LENGTH AND ANGLE |
| CRYSTAL TWO SUBDIVISIONS? I______ & A______ | ISOMETRIC-EQUALLY DEVELOPED IN THE TREE DIRECTIONS OF SPACE ANISOMETRIC- LARGER IN 1 OR 2 DIRECTIONS |
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CUBIC CLASS OF CRYSTAL ALL ANGLES EQUAL ALL AXIS EQUAL |
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TETRAGONAL CRYSTAL 2-AXIS EQUAL AL ANGLES EQUAL SIX-FOLD SYMMETRY TREE-FOLD SYMMETRY |
| HEXAGONAL CRYSTAL 2-AXIS EQUAL 2-ANGLES EQUAL AT 90º 1-ANGLE AT 120º | |
| TRIGONAL CRYSTAL |
ALL AXES EQUAL
ALL ANGLES LESS THAN 120º NOT EQUAL TO 90º
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| ORTHORHOMBIC CRYSTAL ALL AXIS EQUAL ALL ANGLES EQUAL AT 90º | |
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MONOCLINIC
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ALL AXES UNEQUAL 2 ANGLES AT 90º 1 ANGLE GREATER THAN 90º |
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ALL AXES UNEQUAL ALL ANGLES UNEQUAL |
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MINERAL CRYSTAL CLASSES |
| PHYSICAL PROPERTIES | COLOR STREAK HARDNESS LUSTER TWINNING HABIT CLEAVAGE FACES AND FORMS |
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PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC
COLOR
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AFFECTED BY IMPURITIES |
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PHYSICAL PROPERTY
STREAK
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COLOR OF POWDER LEFT WHEN RUBBED AGAINST PORCELAIN TILE |
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LUSTER METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC |
| NON-METALLIC LUSTRE | GREASY SILKY VITREOUS DULL |
| HARDNESS ON MINERLAS PHYSICAL PROPERTY | MINERALS RESISTANCE TO SCRATCHING |
| WHAT SCALE IS USED TO MEASURE THE HARDNESS OF CRYSTALS? | MOHS SCALE FROM 1 TO 10 |
| DIAMOND IS THE # IN SCALE TALC IS THE # IN SCALE MOHS SCALE | DIAMOND #10 HARDEST ONE TALC #1 SOFTEST ONE |
| FACES AND FORMS CRYSTAL PHYSICAL PROPERTY | DEGREE OF DEVELOPMENT OF MINERAL SHAPE |
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EUHEDRAL
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WELL FORMED CRYSTALS |
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SUBHEDRAL
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CRYSTAL MORPHOLOGY OBSERVED BUT NO WELL DEFINED |
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ANHEDRAL
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NO DEFINED CRYSTAL MORPHOLOGY |
| HABIT ON MINERAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES | CHARACTERISTIC APPEARANCE OF MINERALS |
| TYPES OF HABIT? | EQUANT RHOMBOHEDRAL TABULAR BLADED PRISMATIC ACICULAR |
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HABIT TYPE?
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EQUANT |
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CLEAVAGE TYPES |
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HABIT: RHOMBOHEDRAL |
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WHAT KIND OF HABIT IS THIS?
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TABULAR HABIT |
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WHAT KIND OF HABIT IS THIS?
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BLADED HABIT |
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WHAT KIND OF HABITAT IS THIS?
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PRISMATIC HABITAT |
| WHAT KIND OF HABIT IS THIS? | ACICULAR HABIT |
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WHAT IS TWINNING?
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INTER-GROWTH OF TWO OR MORE CRYSTAL OF THE SAME MINERAL |
| WHAT IS CLEAVAGE? | SURFACE ARE PLANAR AND SMOOTH DESCRIBES THE BREAKAGE OF MINERALS ALONG PLANES OF WEAKNESS |
| TRANSPARENCY IN PHYSICAL PROPERTY | REFERS TO HOW THE CRYSTAL LETS LIGHT PASS THROUGH IT |
| PARTING IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES | REPRESENT WEAKNESS SURFACES IN A MINERAL |
| MINERAL CLASSIFICATION | CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CRYSTALS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION |
| NON-SILICATES GROUP OF MINERAL CLASSIFICATION | NATIVE ELEMENTS OXIDES HALIDES SULFIDES/SULPHIDE CARBONATES SULFATES/SULPHATES |
| NATIVE ELEMENTS WHAT ARE THE THREE GROUPS | COMPOSED OF SINGLE ELEMENT METALS SEMI METALS NON METALS |
| OXIDES MINERAL CLASSIFICATION FOUND IN ___TYPES OF ROCKS? | METALLIC ELEMENTS AND OXYGEN FIND IN ALL TYPES OF ROCKS IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC |
| HALIDES METALIC ELEMENTS AND_____ | COMBINATION OF METALLIC ELEMENT AND HALOGEN COMMON HALITE-NaCl |
| SULFIDE S | SULFUR ANION IS A KEY COMPONENT METALLIC LUSTRE e.g.- PYRITE FeS2 |
| SULFATES (SO2)^2- FOUND IN | FOUND IN ALL TYPES OF ROCKS WIDE VARIETY IN COLOR e.g. GYPSUM- CaSO4*2H2O |
| CARBONATES (CO3)^2- | CATIONS MADE OF METALS CONTAINS CARBONATE ANION e.g. Calcite CaCO3 |
| SILICATES (SiO4)^4- CONSTITUDE ABOUT ___% OF MINERALS IN THE CRUST AND MANTLE | 90% CONTAINS SILICATE(Si,O) |
| WHAT IS THE COMPOSITION OF A SILICA TETRAHEDRA? |
ONE ATOM OF SILICON IN THE MIDDLE, WITH FOUR ATOMS OF OXYGEN ARANGE LIKE THIS:
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| SUBDIVISIONS OF SILICA TETRAHEDRA | NESOSILICATES INOSILICATES SOROSILICATES PHYLLOSILICATES TECTOSYLLICATES CYCLOSYLLICATES |
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NESOSILICATES CHARACTERISTICS?
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SILICA TETRAHEDRA NO JOINED TO EACH OTHER BONDS TO CATIONS ONLY, WITH IONIC BOND OLIVINE-(Fe,Mg)2SiO4 |
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INOSILICATES CHARACTERISTICS
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SILICA TETRAHEDRA SHARE 2 OXYGEN WITH OTHER SILICA TETRAHEDRA COVALENT BOND BETWEEN TETRAHEDRA |
| SOROSILICATES ALSO DOUBLE CHAIN SILICATES | ADJACENT SILICA TETRAHEDRA SHARE TWO OR THREE OXYGENS, DUE COVALENT BOND CATIONS BONDED TO TETRAHEDRA DUE IONIC BOND |
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PHYLLOSILICATES
OR SHEET-SILLICATES
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SILICA TETRAHEDRA SHARED THREE OXYGEN ATOMS WITH OTHER TETRAHEDRA, WITH COVALENT BOND |
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TECTOSILICATES
ALSO FRAMEWORK SILICATES
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SHARE FOUR OXYGEN ATOMS WITH OTHER TETRAHEDRA THREE DIMENSIONAL FRAMEWORK FLEXIBLE STRUCTURE |
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CYCLOSILICATES
ALSO RING SILICATES
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3,4,6 SILICA TETRAHEDRA SHARE TWO OXYGEN ELECTRONS
BERYL----->
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| HOW ARE IGNEOUS ROCKS FORM? | THROUGH THE COOLING AND SOLIDIFICATION OF MOLTEN MATTER MAGMA OR LAVA TRANSFORMATION FROM LIQUID AND GASEOUS TO SOLID |
| WHAT IS MAGMA? | MOLTEN MATTER AT SUBSURFACE TEMP. 700º TO 1300º SLOWER COOLING |
| WHICH ONE OF THESE COOLS FASTER? LAVA OR MAGMA | LAVA COOLS FASTER |
| WHAT IS LAVA? | MOLTEN MATTER CAN BE EXPLOSIVE TEMP. 700º TO 1300º |
| WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE BETWEEN LAVA AND MAGMA? | NONE, BOTH RANK BETWEEN 700º TO 1300ºC |
| IGNEOUS ROCKS CLASSIFICATION | CRYSTALLINITY GRAIN SIZE CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL MODE OF OCCURRENCE |
| WHAT IS CRYSTALLINITY BASED ON? | DEGREE OF CRYSTALLIZATION, TEXTURAL CLASSIFICATION, COOLING HISTORY |
| WHAT IS NUCLEATION? | FIRST STEP IN THE FORMATION OF MATTER FROM ANOTHER STATE |
| WHAT ARE THE TWO GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS? | INTRUSIVE ROCKS-MAGMA SOLIDIFICATION BENEATH THE SURFACE SLOW COOLING, eg GRANITE EXTRUSIVE ROCKS-LAVA CRYSTALLIZATION AT EARTH SURFACE FAST COOLING, eg BASALT |
| CRYSTALLINITY REFERS TO | RATIO OF MINERALS AND GLASS IN THE COMPOSITION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS |
| TREE SUBDIVISIONS OF CRYSTALLINITY ARE? | HOLOHYALLINE HOLOCYSTALLINE HYPOHYALINE OR HYPOCRYSTILLINE |
| HOLOHYALLINE GLASS | CONSIST OF ENTIRELY AMORPHOUS SUBSTANCE, EXTRUSIVE INCLUDE HERE, FAST COOLING HISTORY |
| HOLOCYSTALLINE MINERALS | CONSIST OF MINERALS ONLY, THIS CATEGORY ONLY INCLUDES INTRUSIVE, SLOW COOLING MAGMA |
| HYPOHYALINE OR HYPOCRYSTALLINE BOTH | MINERALS AND GLASS IN THEIR MASS, CAN BE BOTH INTRUSIVE OR EXTRUSIVE. |
| GRAIN SIZE CLASSIFICATION | BASED ON SIZE OF INDIVIDUAL GRAINS |
| GRAIN SIZE DIFFERENT TEXTURES ARE? | PHANERITIC TEXTURE APHANITIC TEXTURE GLASSY TEXTURE FRAGMENTAL TEXTURE |
| PHANERITIC TEXTURE | LARGE GRAIN SIZES CAN BE SEEN WITH NAKED EYE SLOW MAGMA COOLING HISTORY INTRUSIVE ROCKS |
| APHANERITIC TEXTURE e.g.BASALT | FINE GRAINS GRAIN LESS THAN 1MM GRAINS CANNOT BE SEEN WITH NAKED EYE FAST MAGMA COOLING |
| GLASSY TEXTURE FASTEST | FASTEST COOLING PROCESS OF MOLTEN MATTER AT THE EARTHS SURFACE |
| FRAGMENTAL TEXTURE | OCCURS WHEN MIXED IGNEOUS AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS CHARACTERISTIC ARE PRESENT |
| MAFIC MINERALS | DARKER IN COLOR RICH IN IRON AND MAGNESIUM |
| FELSIC MINERALS | LIGHT COLORES RICH IN SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND ALUMINIUM |
| ROCK FORMING MAFIC MINERALS THERE ARE 4 | OLIVINE PYROXENES AMPHIBOLES BIOTITE |
| OLIVINE ON THE SUBDIVISON OF SILICATES IT IS A___? (SiO4)^4- | NESOSILICATE |
| PYROXENES, SUBDIVISION OF SILICATES, SINGLE-______ | INOSILICATES |
| AMPHIBOLES, ALSO DOUBLE-______ SILICATES | SOROSILICATES |
| BIOTITE, ALSO SHEET SILICATE | PHYLLOSILICATE |
| FELSIC GROUP | PLAGIOCLASE FELDSPAR MUSCOVITE QUARTZ |
| FELSIC: PLAGIOCLASE FELDSPAR ALSO FRAMWORK SILICATES | TECTOSILICATES(SHARE FOUR OXYGEN ATOMS BETWEEN SILICA TETRAHEDRA), FLEXIBLE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE |
| FELSIC GROUP:MUSCOVITE | PHYLLOSILICATE ( SHEET SILICATES, SHARES THREE OXYGEN ATOMS BETWEEN SILICA TETRAHEDRA WITH COVALENT BOND, AND IONIC BOND BETWEEN CATIONS) |
| FELSIC GROUP:QUARTZ FRAMEWORK SILICATES | TECTOSILICATES CHEMICAL FORMULA SiO2 |
| FELSIC ROCKS: GENERAL COLOR? RICH IN? COMPOSED OF? FORM THROUGH? EXAMPLES? | LIGHT COLORED SODIUM AND POTASSIUM RICH FELDSPARS QUARTZ & MUSCOVITES SOLIDIFICATION OF GRANITIC MAGMA GRANITE, RHYOLITE |
| INTERMEDIATE ROCKS: MIXTURE OF? FORM FROM? FELDSPAR RICH IN? | FELSIC AND MAFIC ROCKS FORMED FROM ANDESITIC MAGMA Na |
| MAFIC ROCKS: COLOR? RICH IN FELDSPAR? DOMINATED BY? | DARK COLORED Ca FELDSPAR PYROXENES(INOSILICATES/ SINGLE CHAIN SILICATES) & OLIVINE(NESOSILICATES) |
| ULTRA MAFIC ROCKS: COLOR? COMINATED BY? HIGHEST? FORM FROM WHICH MAGMA? | DARK COLORED DOMINATED BY OLIVINE & Ca- RICH FELDSPARS HAVE HIGHEST DENSITY ULTRAMAFIC MAGMA |
| EXTRUSIVE ARE FORM | ABOVE THE EARTH SURFACE |
| INTRUSIVE ARE FORM | BENEATH THE EARTH SURFACE |
| EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS EXPLOSIVE | EXPLOSIVE MEANS SILICA RICH LAVA GASES TRAPPED IN LAVA |
| EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS NON-EXPLOSIVE | LAVA FLOW MAGNESIUM AND IRON RICH LAVA SLOW MOVEMENT OF MOLTEN LAVA |
| EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS TEXTURE | VESICULAR GLASSY PYROCLASTIC PILLOW BASALTS |
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