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| Frage | Antworten |
| Isometric scaling | Objects that are proportional (or are geometrically similar) scale isometrically |
| Allometric scaling | Looking at the change in a trait with respect to body size. |
| Positive allometry | Trait increases faster than size. |
| Negative allometry | Trait increases slower than size. |
| Kleiber’s Law | Metabolism scales with body size by a coefficient of ¾; because materials have to be transported throughout the organism. |
| As animals get bigger... | ...they’re specific metabolism rate decreases, but lifetime metabolism is consistent. |
| Water balance | Water used for chemical reactions, as a component or a medium. Animals need to balance the amount of water in their bodies = osmotic potential. |
| Iso-osmotic | The concentration of solutes is same inside and outside the body or cell. |
| Hypo-osmotic | The concentrations are lower inside than outside |
| Hyper-osmotic | The concentrations are higher inside than outside. |
| Dealing with environmental change | -Avoid OR -Tolerate -->conform -->regulate |
| Earyhaline | Animals that can tolerate a wide range of solute concentrations. |
| Sterohaline | Animals that can tolerate a narrow range of solute concentration. |
| Urea | colorless crystalline compound which is the main nitrogenous breakdown product of protein metabolism in mammals and is excreted in urine. |
| TMAO | counteracts urea |
| Marine animals | -mostly iso-osmotic, sterohaline 1.drink sea water 2.comes with ions 3.uptake some (ex:Na), exclude others (ex: Ca) 4.Active transport to remove some ions taken in via gills 5.Secrete other solutes in isotonic urine |
| Freshwater animals | -Hyper-osmotic 1.Impermeable skin 2.Do not drink freshwater 3.Solutes come from food 4.Active uptake of ions via gills 5.Secrete excess water in hypo-osmotic urine |
| Terrestrial animals | Water and ionic balance is a constant pb. -water escapes via respiratory,digestive, reproductive systems. Water uptake: -Taking in liquid water -taking in water vapor -producing water by metabolic processes |
| Biochemical effects of rising temperature on animals bodies | -A rising temperature makes chemical reactions more likely -Pb: most enzymes no longer function to catalyze reactions above 40C |
| Responses to temperature changes Short-term enzyme activity can be modified with changing temperature by: | 1. Changing enzyme concentration 2. Changing substrate concentration 3. Changing energy supply for reaction 4. Alter environment in the cell |
| Responses to temperature changes: Medium-term and Long-term enzyme activity can be modified with changing temperature by: | • Synthesizing different enzymes that perform the same function (isozymes) • Evolutionary response of enzyme structure to function at a different temperature (allozymes) |
| Eurythermal | Animals that can tolerate a broad range of temperatures |
| Stenothermal | Animals that can tolerate a narrow range of temperatures. |
| Strategies for dealing with freezing: Freeze tolerance | -Advantages: Ice formation can be tolerated, critical temperatures (LCT) can be survived. Allows reduced metabolism in cold spells. -Disadvantages: Usually limited supercooling ability, Needs to have substances in place before cold hits. -Best suited for environments that regularly and consistently freeze |
| Strategies for dealing with freezing: Freeze intolerance (avoidance) | -Advantages: High supercooling ability – can stay active in cold -Best suited for environments that are highly variable |
| High temperature may disrupt reaction pathways: causes of heat death: | •Denaturing of enzymes •Thermal inactivation of enzymes at rates that exceed formation •Different temperature effects (Q10) on interdependent reactions •Temperature effects on membrane structure |
| Ectotherms | =Low energy strategy.Maintains energy exchange with external environment. |
| Endotherms | High energy strategy: maintains temperature using energy from internal metabolic processes. |
| Sources of heat transfer: | 1.Conduction 2.Convection 3.Radiation 4.Evaporation |
| Conduction | The direct flow of heat between two materials in direct contact. |
| Convection | The flow of heat between two materials by the mass movement of an intervening fluid (liquid or gas). |
| Radiation | The transfer of heat in the absence of direct contact between objects. |
| Keeping warm: | 1.Increase metabolic heat generation (ex:shivering) 2.Lower heat exchange coefficient (ex:change heat distribution) 3.Find somewhere warmer (behavioral strategies) |
| Keeping cool: | 1.Find somewhere cool (ex:shade) WITHOUT SHADE OR COVER: 1.Increase heat exchange coeff. (ex: move heat to body surface) 2.Increase evaporation (ex: sweating) 3.Behavioral strategies 4.Heat storage and heat exchanger |
| Asexual reproduction | -Budding: daughter breaks off from mother cell via a bud. -Fragmentation:Fragments of a parent regenerate to form a new individual (ex: sponges) -Parthogenesis: an unfertilized egg develops into a daughter individual (ex: aphids) |
| Sexual reproduction | = Reproduction by combining gametes -->Isogamy = same gametes (same sex species); not in animals -->anisogamy = different gametes: male= small, mobile; female= large, immobile. |
| Semelparity | Reproduce young only once in their lives (ex: white garden snail) |
| Iteroparous | Reproduce yong multiple times. Seasonal or random iteroparity. |
| Life history theory | = pattern of lifetime growth, development, reproduction and survival. (rKA selection). |
| r selected species | -Short term life spans -Smaller bodied -Rapid maturation -Explosive reproduction -Fluctuating population density -Adapted for unstable envts. |
| K selected species | -Long life spans -Bigger bodied -Slow reproduction/ low fecundity -Stable density population -Adapted for stable envts |
| A Selection | = Bad, unstable envts -Long life spans -Late maturation -Low fecundity -Low, fluctuating population densities |
| Central concept of life histories | Animals must trade-off one activity with another - "decide" how to spend its resources |
| Resource allocation (Life history) | -All animal activities require a resource (e.g.. energy, time) -Resources are not unlimited -Resources allocated to one trait (e.g. growth) cannot be allocated to another (e.g. reproduction) => TRADE OFFS |
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