Karteikarten
Forensic Psychology OCR- Making a case -Making a profile
Karten in diesem Stapel (21)
- 1What are the 4 core studies in making a profile ?Hazelwood - top down typology
Canter - Bottom up approach
Canter - John duffy case study
Canter and heritage - 2What are the 3 aims of profiling?1) social and Psychological assessments
2) Psychological evaluation of belongings
3) Interviewing suggestions and strategies ; questions are different based on the individual - 3The american Top down approach Background / study ?The study to this approach by a series of in depth interviews with 36 convicted sexually orientated murderers including Ted Brundy and charles manson.
From this the approach identified that offenders can be classified into 2 typology through factors at crime scene and within there lives. To do this the profiler gathers evidence from a crime scene i.e nature of attack then identify s which typology they fall in and this help advise the police. - 4identify Hazelwoods theory ?After publishing there account of lust murderer they were able to advance there theory the 2 typology's ; organised and disorganised offenders. As a crime scene can be used like a fingerprint to help identify a murderer.
An organised offender will:
*Have a normal life and kill after a critical event and within this there actions show planing and control i.e. restraints.
*Thus this will be reflected in the crime scene via a verbal approach with victims. The offender also, will be of average height and intelligence, socially competent and employed.
A disorganised offender;
* is likely to commit the crime in a moment of passion, no planing and using what ever is there at the time. therefore, they may leave blood etc behind. This offender is more likely to be less intelligent and socially incompetent. - 5Hazelwood Top down approach Evaluation ?strengths;
*Best suited at crime scenes with important details
*This theory is successful within Canada and the Netherlands
Weakness
*The sample is unrepresentative as not all offenders are sexual murderers
*The sample is known to be manipulative and attention seeking
*This method is subjective to bias and individual differences as, each profiler may inturpert things differently
*Doesn't have firm underlying psychological underpinning theory's
*The typologies are limited - 6Canter - the British approach aim ?To test the reliability of organised and disorganised typologies
- 7Canter - The British approach method ?This study is a content analysis using the psychometric method of multi-dimensional scaling
- 8Canter - The British approach participants ?100 cases from usa
- 9Canter - The British approach procedure ?* 100 cases were analysed and assessed to find the feature that were hypothesized to each typology.
* All the case were from USA and canter took the third crime from each serial killer and analysed it for the study.
*The crime classifications manual was used to classify the crime as organised or disorganised as far as possible based on replies of the interviews - 10Canter - The British approach Findings?*Disorganised crimes are more common or they are more easy to identify.
*Only 2 significant behaviors co- occurred in organised typologies
- The body was concealed 70 % cases
-Sexual activity 75% cases
* Further small space analysis failed to separate the variables for organised and disorganised crime clearly
*instead Organised variables were central in the scattered plot with disorganised spread widely around. - 11Canter - The British approach Conclusion ?*There are no distinction between 2 types of serial murderers as, all crimes will have an organised element
* The differences between serial killers may be the ways in which they show disorganised aspect of the crime
* Canter suggests a better way to look is at individual personality differences in offenders. - 12Canter - The British approach Evaluation ?*Not gentalisabe to other cultures
*Unrepresentative to other criminals
*Accurate statistical data is used makes it easy to compare and collect.
*more accurate and reliable
*Reduces construct validity for top down approach
*Doesn't help you catch anyone - 13Canter and heritage Background ?The circle theory - Canter developed a model of offending behavior which developed from environmental psychology. It held that all offenders were placed within a circle the offender would be found living within this circle i.e. close to the center. The birth of this was through how humans are consistent in their behavior (criminal consistaniacey) This is seen as, spatial consistency; Our behavior responds to the situation we are in i.e. humans only work in ares that are known to them.
within circle theory there are 2 types
*marauders ; stat within there circle and branch out like a spider web
*commuters; live a circle; area and commute to another area( another circle) that is known to them. - 14Canter and heritage Aim?to identify behavior pattern from similarities between offences
- 15Canter and heritages Method?This study was a Content Analysis on 66 sexual offences from various of police forces which were committed by 27 offenders. This was done to find 33 offence variables which had to be clearly linked to a potential behaviour characteristic . i.e. had to be able to say yes or no to each variable.
- 16Canter and heritages procedure ?Data was subjected to small space analysis as described in the method.
- 17Canter and heritages Findings?Theses variables in 66 cases were found to be central;
+Vaginal intercourse
+no reaction to the victim
+ impersonal language
+ surprise attack
+ Victims clothing was disturbed
Therefore this suggests a where the attack is impersonal and sudden and the victims response is irrelevant to the offender .
There were also, 5 elements less central of the attacks which has been found to be important theses are known as the 4 typologies;
+Intimacy with the victim
+sexual behaviour
+overt violence and aggression
+ impersonal interaction
+Criminal behaviour and intent - 18Canter and heritages Conclusion ?Canter that the usefulness of this method has allowed to show theses 5 aspects contribute to all sexual offences however, in different patterns due each one is different for an individual.This will enable us to understand how offenders behaviour changes over a series of offences or establish whether two or more offences are committed by the same person. This is know as canters 5 factor theory
- 19Canter and heritages Evaluation ?+There is lack of representativeness and genralibilty as there is no control group to compare and it was only done on sexual offenders.
+Lots of quantitative gather making it easier to compare however can not give you a cause and effect i.e. tell you why.
+It is useful as it will enable us to help in future identify case committed by the same person = narrow down the scope.
+This study allows for an offender modus operandi to change in individuals cases.
+Ecologically valid due to real sexual offenders used
+Only rapes not murders - 20Canter - The John Duffy case background ?In 1985 canter became involved in a case were police were convinced that theses rapes and murders that were happening was from one man.
- 21Canter - The John Duffy Aim / general notes ?To systematically document the crime, its details, chronology in order to establish possible behaviour characteristics of an offender. This was done via using psychological knowledge and scientific methods. Canter calls this investigative psychology and believes
+ Crime involves communication between 2 people as, the way an offender is towards the victim will revel something about there life
+A scientific approach which considers all available evidences nothing should be discounted.
+An offender is more likely to commit crime at least within there familiar areas i.e were an offender works or lives. Geographical mapping and timings can also help identify a range.
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- Karteikarten am Forensic Psychology OCR- Making a case -Making a profile , erstellt von lauratyler am 08/01/2015.
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- lauratyler · Jan 2015
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- 3 Mai 2016
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