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Frage	Antworten
True or False Infection control is intimately embedded in the discipline of microbiology	True
Microbiology is the study of small life forms, including...	bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses
The discipline of microbiology began as a science concerned with	the control and identification of microorganisms to explain and prevent disease.
True or False Bacteria are prokaryotic, unicellular and can live as an individual cell	True
Bacteria come in different shapes and sizes which include	cocci, bacilli, and spirals
Cocci (coccus) bacteria are 1 micrometer, single cells or small clusters or chains, and what shape?	Spherical
Bacilli bacteria are rod shaped, 1micrometer (um)wide and 5-10um long and some form...	endospores
Disease's caused by bacilli bacteria are anthrax, botulism, tetnus, and the GI infections	E. coli and salmonella
True or False There are two different shapes of spiral bacteria, Vibrios and spirillum.	False, There are three different chapes of spiral bacteria, Vibrios, spirillum, and spirochetes.
Vibrios are what shape	curved, or comma shaped rods.
Vibrios are responsible for gastroenteritis, cholera, septicemia and	food poisoning
spirillum or spirilla are what shaped?	thick, flexible spirals
spirillum are responsible for	rat bite fever
spirochetes are what shape	thin, flexible spirals
spirochetes are responsible for leptospirosis, Lyme disease and	syphilis
Pleomorphic bacteria are morphologically indistinct meaning	They change shape depending on environmental conditions. Elongated as well as spherical in shape
True or false The structure of a bacteria cell changes greatly depending on its shape.	false The structure of all bacteria cells is similar.
The cytoplasm of a bacterial cells is contained within the cytoplasmic membrane and may contain storage granules of starch, lipids and iron. The cytoplasm may also contain	Ribosomes (the physical sites for synthesis of proteins and amino acids.)
The cytoplasm of bacteria is viscous and contains water, enzymes, proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, oxygen, essential nutrients, as well as	Waste products
Embedded in the cytoplasm is this structure which contains single, long chromosome of DNA that controls most of the cell activities.	Nucleoid
These structures which contain extra chromosomal DNA and often carry genes that express resistance to chemical and physical agent is and antibiotics and are only found in some bacteria are known as	Plasmids.
The cytoplasmic membrane is composed of lipids and proteins, it surrounds the cytoplasm, contains enzymes that help create the outer wall, and is responsible for maintaining cell pressure, as well as	Regulating materials and waste moving in and out of the cell, and is the physical site for DNA attachment during cell division.
Mesosomes are found on the inward foldings of cytoplasmic membrane and are found mostly in gram negative or positive bacteria?	Gram-positive
The cell wall is a rigid structure that gives the cell its shape. The basic component is peptidoglycan which forms a netting over the entire surface of the cell. Gram-negative bacteria have several layers of peptidoglycan. The cell wall is not present in which type of cells	mammalian cells
The outer membrane is found only on gram-negative bacteria and covers the entire surface of the cell. What structure is this outer membrane similar too?	cytoplasmic membrane
The outer membrane contains endotoxin (composed of lipid, polysaccharides and protein) when the endotoxin is release from the cells is damages nearby cells causing fever, inflammation, bone destruction, hemorrhage and vomiting. The release of endotoxins also plays a role in disease such as	periodontal disease, dysentery, meningitis, typhoid fever, gohorrhea and cholera.
The capsule is found on gram negative and positive bacteria, it contains water (allowing survival in dry conditions), influence cell behavior with other cells and also reduces...	the ability of WBCs to surround, engulf, and destroy the bacterium.
Flagella are long thread-like protein appendages found on some bacteria, its whip like motion allows bacteria to move through fluids. The flagella are attached to what part of the cell	attached to cytoplasmic membrane and extend through cell and outer membrane and capsule (if present)
the steps of disease transmission are	infectious agent, reservoir, mode of escape, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host
the prodromal stage	encompasses a vague or undifferentiated set of symptoms similar to an infection of any number of other dieases.
endogenous or autogenous infection	originiates within a person. usually cause no problem until something causes them to express their disease producing potential
the acute stage	occurs when the disease reaches its peak. symptoms are fully developed and can be differentiated from other diseases
exogenous infections	originate outside of the individual, most infections are exogenous
the declining stage	occurs when the patients symptoms begin to subside. infectious disease remains although he patient demonstrates improving health
bacteremia is an example of an ( ) infection	endogenous
the convalescent stage	recovery and recuperation from the effects of the infectious disease
nosocomial infections are infections	that are acquired by a patient in a hospital or long-term facility.
innate defense mechanisms are	physical (skin) mechanical (tears, saliva, urine) antimicrobial (acid of the stomach) cellular barriers (phagocytes)
opportunistic infections are infections or diseases	that occur when the bodies ability to resist disease is weakened. usually do not infect healthy individuals with intact immune systems.
acquired immunity	the defense system that is always ready to respond to microbial infections
the five stages of infectious disease are	incubation, prodromal, acute, declining, and convalescent
activation of the immune response	antigens, macrophages process the antigens, lymphocytes multiply, B & T lymphocytes being to destroy the microorganism
the incubation stage	interval between the exposure to the pathogen and the first appearance of signs and symptoms, can be short or long
cell mediated response	special types of T lymphocytes regulates the antibody mediated response, destroys infected host cells, produces lymphokines, destroy certain non-microbial cells
antibody mediated response	specialized B lymphocytes produce lymphokines, become plasma cells that produce antibodies, antibodies bind to a specific antigen, the antigens are destroyed
long term acquired immunity	initial immune response results in an increased number of lymphocytes that can respond to the same antigen again. EX. a good case of chicken pox
artificial active immunity	results from being immunized or vaccinated, stimulates the immune system to recognize and defend against that disease. boosters are sometimes needed
congenital passive immunity	antibodies pass from mother to fetus. short term immunity for the newborn
passive immunity	administration of ready made antibodies such as IGG. treat or prevent infectious disease or reduce the risk of infection
damage by the immune system	certain antigens can damage the body, antigen or allergen results in damage to the body.
disease process of HBV	incubation, transient, acute type B hepatitis, carrier state, immunity
incubation stage of HBV	2-6 months, period of communicability varies
transient stage of HBV	majority of patient don't have icteric phase (jaundice) but have a subclinical infection. many remain undiagnosed.
acute type B stage	can't be distinguished from other types of viral hep. recovery beings with the disappearance of jaundice
carrier state	chronic carrier has HBsAG marking for more than 6 months, 5-10% of those infected remain chronic carriers, carriers often develop cirrhosis
immunity to HBV	presence of anti-HBs in blood serum
herpesvirus sequence of events	exposure, replication of the cells, infection of sensory nerve endings, virus travels to ganglion, primary disease resolves, reactivation at a later date, virus transports along nerve to body surface
OSHA	has laws and regulations regarding the bloodborne pathogen standard. concerned with employees not patients
EPA	regulates medical waste and reviews new products
FDA	regulates the manufacturing and labeling of medical devices
CDC	makes recommendations, serves the public health, concerned with the wellbeing of the patient

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	Erstellt von angela.dennis22 vor etwa 11 Jahre