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| Frage | Antworten |
| Acute responses | Occur for the duration of the activity and recovery and are dependent on the duration, intensity and type of activity being undertaken |
| Cardiac Output | Q=SVxHR. The total volume of blood pumped from the heart per minute (L/min) @rest 5.2 @max 28.5 |
| Cardiac Output Response | Increases rapidly for the first 2-3 mins and then gradually depending on the intensity |
| Cardiac Output Why it changes | So that more blood can be ejected out of the heart per minute and therefore more oxygen can be delivered to the working muscles |
| Diastolic blood pressure | the relaxation or filling phase of the heart (Usually 80) |
| Diastolic blood pressure Response | Stays relatively stable during whole body exercise, increases during resistance training |
| Steady state | the condition of a system or physiological function that remains at a relatively constant (steady) value; after a few minutes of sub-maximal exercise, a person will reach a steady state in which heart rate and oxygen consumption remain constant for a given exercise intensity |
| Stroke volume | the volume of blood expelled from the left ventricle with each heart beat @rest 75ml @max 150ml |
| Stroke volume Response | @Submax- Increases rapidly and then Steady State @Max it will reach its maximum capacity and plateau |
| Stroke volume Why it changes | So that more blood can be ejected out of the heart per beat and therefore more oxygen can be delivered to the muscles |
| Systolic blood pressure | the contraction or pumping phase of the heart creating higher pressures on artery walls Usually 120 at rest |
| Systolic blood pressure Response | Increases during all exercises |
| Systolic blood pressure Why it changes | Because more blood is being pumped out per beat/minute and therefore it causes an increase in pressure |
| Tidal volume | the total volume of air moved in and out of the lungs during inspiration and expiration |
| Tidal Volume Response | @Submax- Increases rapidly and then Steady State @Max it will reach its maximum capacity and plateau |
| Tidal Volume Why it changes | More air is breathed in resulting in a greater opportunity for O2 to be diffused into the capillaries via the alveoli |
| Vasoconstriction | narrowing (shrinking) of the blood vessels causing a decrease in blood flow |
| Vasodilation | widening (swelling) of the blood vessels causing an increase in blood flow |
| Ventilation | V=TVxRR. The amount of air breathed in and out per minute. |
| Ventilation Response | Increases rapidly for the first 2-3 mins and then gradually depending on the intensity |
| Ventilation Why it changes | To increase the volume of oxygen in the lungs that can be diffused into the blood and transported to the working muscles |
| Venous return | The amount of blood that is returned back to the heart via the veins. |
| Venous Return Response | Venous return will increase due to the muscle pump, respiratory pump and venoconstriction |
| Mechanisms of venous return: The muscle pump | Muscular contraction compress veins, pushing the blood through the veins back to the heart. One way valves prevent back flow of blood |
| Mechanisms of venous return: The respiratory pump | When venous return needs to increase, respiratory rate increases as the diaphragm increases abdominal pressure, forcing blood back to the heart. |
| Mechanisms of venous return: Venoconstriction | Reduces the capacity of the veins, forcing the blood to be pushed up to the heart. |
| Venous return Why it changes | Venous return takes place so that there can be an increase in cardiac output. Results in more blood being delivered back to the heart so more oxygenated blood can be pumped back out to the working muscles. |
| 2 factors that regulate body temperature | 1) Sweat produced by sweat glands 2) increased blood flow to the skin |
| Pulmonary Diffusion | The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide to an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Occurs in the alveoli of the lungs and the muscle capillaries |
| Pulmonary Diffusion Response | Will increase |
| Pulmonary Diffusion Why it changes | In order to increase the transfer of oxygen into the blood stream and delivery to the muscle cells. Also to dispose of carbon dioxide which is produce as a result of the aerobic energy system |
| Blood Volume | The amount of volume of blood |
| Blood Volume Response | Will decrease |
| Blood Volume Why it changes | Caused by a decrease in plasma volume due to sweating. Depends on the intensity, duration and environmental factors |
| Redistribution of blood flow | The redirection of blood away from areas where it is not needed (e.g. spleen, kidneys) to areas where it is (e.g. working muscles) |
| Redistribution of blood flow Response | To increase the amount of oxygen being delivered to the organs that need it during exercise (e.g. working muscles) Increasing blood flow to the skin assists in the regulation of body temperature through heat exchange with environment |
| Redistribution of blood flow Why it changes | Vasoconstriction occurs in arterioles supplying oxygen to the inactive areas and vasodilation occurs in arterioles supplying oxygen to the working muscles |
| Oxygen Consumption (VO2) | The volume of oxygen that can be taken up and used by the body |
| Oxygen Consumption (VO2) Response | Increases |
| Oxygen Consumption (VO2) Why it changes | To increase the amount of oxygen that is delivered and used by the working muscles. Caused by an increase in cardiac output and the amount of oxygen being extracted from the blood into the muscle |
| a-v O2 Difference | The difference in oxygen concentration in the arterioles compared to the venules. Meaning how much O2 diffused into the muscles |
| a-v O2 Difference Response | Increases from around 25% @rest to close to 75% at maximal intensity |
| a-v O2 Difference Why it changes | Increased O2 into the muscles results in more energy being produced (resynthesis of ATP) through the Aerobic energy system |
| Motor Unit | A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it stimulated |
| Motor Unit recruitment Response | Increased number recruited / increase frequency of messages |
| Motor Unit recruitment Why it changes | To enable the correct number of muscle fibres to be recruited depending on the intensity of the activity – all or nothing principle. If a motor unit receives the impulse, all its fibres will contract |
| Energy Substrates | The chemicals that are required to resynthesis ATP i.e. PC, glycogen, triglycerides |
| Energy substrates Response | Decrease at different rates depending on the duration and intensity of the activity |
| Energy substrates Why it changes | Once ATP stores are depleted, PC, muscle glycogen and muscle triglycerides are all used to resynthesise ATP and so they get used up |
| Body Temperature | A change in the internal temperature of the body |
| Body Temperature Response | Increases until it is controlled by • Sweat glands produce sweat • Increased blood flow to skin (via vasodilation) |
| Body Temperature Why it changes | Heat is a by-product of converting chemical energy into mechanical energy when using the Aerobic energy system. Mechanisms work to prevent an increase in core body temperature.(However, during high intensity, blood vessels vasoconstrict which hinders heat transfer) |
| Lactate | A by-product of anaerobic glycolysis |
| Lactate Response | Increases at the start of exercise and then remains constant when production =removal. Increases past the lactate inflection point when intensity increases |
| Lactate Why it changes | It is produced at the start of exercise because the body cannot deliver enough oxygen to the working muscles to resynthesis ATP aerobically. It remains constant when its rate of production = removal, but if it is being produced faster than it is being removed then it will continue to rise |
| The role of the Respiratory system | to extract more oxygen from the air and deliver it to the blood. |
| The role of the Cardiovascular System | to extract more oxygen from the air and deliver it to the blood. |
| The role of the Muscular System | to use the oxygen to metabolise fuels and resynthesise ADP to ATP |
| Respiratory Rate | How many breaths you take per minute |
| Respiratory Rate Response | Will increase @rest 12 @max 30 |
| Heart Rate | How many times the heart (Left Ventricle) beats per minute |
| Heart Rate Response | Will increase @rest 70 @max 220-age |
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