Week 4 readings

Frage	Antworten
Two fundamental parameters for ageing	Maximum lifespan and average lifespan (expectation of life)
Senescence	degenerative changes related to the passage of time
Aging	Is any time related process; could be said to begin at conception
Two major groups of things that cause aging	Environmental - extrinsic Genetic - intrinsic
3 reasons why an we are seeing a population shift towards older people	Falls in birth rate Falls in infant mortality Rise in life expectancy
Chronologica age [4]	 Passage of time from birth onwards  Easy to measure, most popular method  Increase in age-specific mortality rates as one ages  Variable cut-off for`old' determined by unemployment rates and social history
Biological Age [4]	 Presence or absence of physical disease, functional or cognitive impairment  Increased incidence of chronic disease in late life  Presence of age-associated conditions
true/ false chronological age is better marker of health status than biological age	false
Variable cut-off for`old' determined by... [2]	unemployment rates and social history
Sociological Age	Society's perception of what is considered `normal behaviour' for people of certain ages
In terms of the medical model, what defines successful aging?	compression of morbidity, absence of physical illness and functional impairment
In terms of the social model, what defines successful aging?	ability to adapt to changes in society to maintain role and status
In terms of the psychological model, what defines successful aging?	maintenance of mental competence and well-being
3 Cellular theories of aging	 Programmed cellular ‘clock’  Accumulation of waste products disrupts cellular metabolism.  Cross linkage of DNA and connective tissues impairs cellular function.
2 Physiological theories of aging	 Exhaustion of irreplaceable supplies  Decline in total body potassium and lens glutathione levels with increasing chronological age
4 organ-based theories of aging	 Decline of organ systems essential for the control and maintenance of other systems and hence survival  Decline in immunological competence associated with increasing chronological age  Effects of calorie restriction on lifespan are positive  Role of neuro-endocrine degeneration
4 programmed genetic theories of aging	- Heritability of lifespans - C. elegans - Premature ageing syndromes - Modifier genes/pleiotropic genes/gene redundancy
5 unprogrammed genetic theories of aging	- Radiation damage to DNA and proteins - somatic mutation) - Impairment of DNA repair - Errors in protein synthesis error catastrophe) - Free radical cellular damage - Shortening of telomeres
Erikson's theory: Generativity vs. stagnation	Generativity: reaching out to others in ways that give to and guide the next generation. Extending commitments to a larger group Stagnation: once people attain certain life goals they may become self-centred and self-indulgent
To reassess and rebuild life structure, middle-aged adults must confront four developmental tasks, what are they?	1. Young-old: seek new ways of being both young and old 2. Destruction-creation: focuses on ways s/he has acted destructively 3. Masculinity-femininity: create balance between masculine and feminine parts of self 4. Engagement-separateness: balance engagement with external world and separateness
Vaillant’s Adaptation to Life	Adults in their late fifties become ‘guardians of their culture’
Midlife crisis	Self-doubt and stress especially great during the forties prompt major restructuring of the personality - better described as turning points rather than drastic changes
Possible selves	future-oriented representations of what one hopes to become and what one is afraid of becoming - temporal dimension of self-concept
Ture/false as we age, we rely more on social comparison than temporal ones	false, we look at how well we are doing in relation to what we had planned
What three activities increase from early to middle adulthood	1. Self-acceptance 2. Autonomy 3. Environmental mastery: capable of managing a complex array of tasks easily and effectively
According to studies, what happens to the masculine traits observed in women?	they increase
Parental imperative theory	holds that identification with traditional gender roles is maintained during the active parenting years to help ensure the survival of children; men become more goal-oriented and women emphasize nurturance
Big 5 personality traits	- Neuroticism - Extrovertism - Openness to experience - Agreeableness - Conscientiousness
In terms of relationships, what is middles adulthood marked by [2]	- large number of close relationships during midlife than at any other period - the greatest number of exits and entries of family members
What Factors Promote Psychological Well-Being in Midlife [4]	1. Good health and exercise 2. Sense of control and personal life investment 3. Close friendships and good marriage 4. Mastery of multiple roles
Sense of control and personal life investment: what is flow?	psychological state of being so engrossed in a demanding, meaningful activity that one loses all sense of time and self-awareness
Sense of control and personal life investment: what is personal life investment?	: firm commitment to goals and involvement in pursuit of these goals
Erikson's Ego integrity vs. despair: those who emphasise attainment of EXTRINSIC goals are more likely to...	often fear life’s end
Erikson's Ego integrity vs. despair: the resolution for this stage is...	coming to terms with one’s life - feeling whole, complete and satisfied with their achievements
Attaining ego integrity involves three distinct tasks: what are they	- Ego differentiation - Body transcendence - Ego transcendence
Gerotranscendence	an additional psychosocial stage; a cosmic and transcendent perspective directed forward and outward, beyond the self
Labouvie-Vief’s Emotional Expertise : affect optimization	The ability to maximize positive emotion and dampen negative emotion
TRUE/FALSE many aging individuals desribe their emotional reactions to personal experiences LESS vividly then younger people	false - MORE vividly: – evidence of being more in touch with their feelings; helps them separate interpretations from objective aspects of situations
TRUE/FALSE No age differences exist in total quantity of reminiscing	True
Types of reminiscence: Life review	calling up past experiences with the goal of achieving greater self-understanding
Types of reminiscence: self-focused	engaged in to reduce boredom, and revive bitter events
Types of reminiscence: other-focused	reminiscence directed at social goals, such as solidifying family and friendship ties and reliving relationships with lost loved ones
Types of reminiscence: knowledge-based	drawing on their past for effective problem-solving strategies and for teaching younger people
Dips in extroversion in middle adulthood reflect...	a narrowing of social contacts
Spirituality	an inspirational sense of life’s meaning can be found in art, nature, and social relationships
Religion	provides beliefs, symbols, and rituals that guide this quest for meaning
Control vs. dependency: Dependency- support script	dependant behaviours are attended to immediately
Control vs. dependency: Independence-ignore script	independent behaviors are mostly ignored
Control vs. Dependency: Person-environment fit and what doe it promote	A good match between their abilities and the demands of their living environments - adaptive behaviour and psychological well-being
TRUE/FALSE ethnic minority older adults are more willing to accept assistance	True
Perceived social support	sense of being able to count on family or friends in times of need, is more powerful than sheer amount of help
Social Theories of Aging: Disengagement theory	mutual withdrawal between older adults and society takes place in anticipation of death
Social Theories of Aging: Activity Theory	social barriers to engagement, not the desires of aging adults, cause declining rates of interaction
Social Theories of Aging: continuity theory	rather than maintaining a certain activity level, most aging adults strive to maintain a personal system – an identity and a set of personality depositions, interests, roles, and skills
Social Theories of Aging: Socioemotional Selectivity Theory	social interactions extends lifelong selection processes; despite smaller social networks, they are happier and report fewer problematic relationships
Aging in place	remaining in a familiar setting where they have control over their everyday life
Aging in place	remaining in a familiar setting where they have control over their everyday life
Two types of events prompt suicide in late life	- Losses: retirement, widowhood - Social isolation
The age range of personal fulfillment	(65-79)

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