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| Frage | Antworten |
| Research Methods | by Constance Egbemhenghe |
| What are the major features of Science? | CORE - Control : control of extraneous variables - Objectivity : based on facts. - Reliability : consistency of results after re-test. - Empiricism : factual and verifiable evidence |
| What is peer review? | wervsV |
| Benefits of Peer review | rgqbqerb |
| Flaws of Peer review | efwer |
| 3 Different Experiment types? | Lab : controlled environment. Field : natural environment Field : natural environment w/ pre-existing IV. |
| 3 Experiment Designs? | Repeated Measures : one group in both conditions. Independent Groups : two groups in separate conditions. Matched pairs : independent groups where ppts are matched on key aspects e.g. age. |
| Random Sampling? | Each ppt has equal chance of being selected. |
| Opportunity Sampling? | Selecting ppts from those that are most readily available. |
| Volunteer Sampling? | Placing an ad in which ppts volunteer e.g. in audience's magazine. + EAGER PPTS sometimes drawn in by incentive e.g. money. - NOT REPRESENTATIVE. |
| What is Reliability? | Extent to which results/procedures are consistent. |
| Assessing Reliability - Observation | Inter-rater Reliability : observers do procedure independently and compare after looking for +0.8 correlation. |
| Improving Reliability - Observation | - operationalise behavioural categories. - conduct pilot study. - training on conducting a successful observation. |
| Assessing Reliability - Questionnaire EXTERNAL - Test Re-test INTERNAL - Inter-rater Reliability (looking for strong +ve correlation) | Improving Reliability -Standardise instructions - Blind/Double Blind rater to remove observer bias -take out misleading questions. |
| What is Validity? | When an experiment/questionnaire measures what it set out to measure. |
| Issues of Validity - Observation - Experimenter Bias : | Improving Validity - Blind experimenter (doesn't know conditions) - Double Blind experimenter (doesn't know aim or conditions) |
| Issues of Validity - Experiment INTERNAL - Extraneous Variables EXTRERNAL - 1. Ecological Validity 2. Population Validity | Improving Validity - conduct natural/field experiment - larger samples |
| Issues of Validity - Questionnaire -Face validity : does the measuring tool measure what its supposed to? -Concurrent validity : new test scores are compared to established pre-existing test scores. | Improving Validity - If questions are inappropriate take them out e.g. open questions or misleading questions. |
| Ethical Considerations | fds.gjnwerGB'OER |
| Central Tendencies - Mean | Good for ............. |
| Central Tendencies - Mode | Good for ............ |
| Central Tendencies - Median | Good for ........ |
| What is a Type 1 error? | When you rejected the null hypothesis when you should have accepted it as the probability was too high. occurs when p 0.10 or p 0.20. |
| What is a Type 2 error? | When you accepted the null hypothesis when you should have rejected it because the probability was too low. occurs when p 0.01. |
| What is CONTENT ANALYSIS? | Process used to analyse qualitative data in which themes, issues and patterns are identified and categorised. |
| Significance | Results are SIGNIFICANT if we reject the null hypothesis. INSIGNIFICANT if we accept the null hypothesis. |
| Types of Data | - Nominal: Discrete Categoric Data e.g. 1 2 3 items. - Ordinal: Ordered data e.g. ranking - Interval: Continuous Data. e.g. any number. |
| Which Statistical Test ? | kugiugukg |
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