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| Frage | Antworten |
| How do bacteria's harm us? | They can harm us directly, by damaging our cells. Whilst some produce toxins which harm us. |
| How does bacteria reproduce rapidly inside the human body? | Bacteria reproduces by multiplying many times. To do this they need warm and moist conditions, so that the chemical reaction within them can take place . |
| What is the role of the immune system? | The role of the immune system is to deal with any infectious microorganisms that enter the body. The immune response usually consists of white blood cells. |
| What are antigens? | These are substances which trigger immune responses. |
| What are the roles of antibodies? | Antibodies are proteins that are specific to a particular antigen. They latch on to invading microorganisms. |
| What do antibodies do? | They mark the microorganism so that other white blood cells can engulf and digest it. They bind to and neutralize viruses and toxins. Some can even attach to bacteria and kill them directly. |
| What happens when the white blood cells recognizes the invader? | The white blood cells divides to make more identical cells, producing many antibodies, which fight. Then some white blood cells stay around in the blood, they are called memory cells. These cause many antibodies to be produced so that they can kill of remains. (Immunity). |
| What are vaccinations? | These are a practice in which safe versions of the dangerous microorganism is injected into a patient. This causes your body to produce many antibodies. |
| What are antimicrobials? | These are chemicals which can inhibit the growth of microorganisms and kill them. Without affecting your own cells. E.g. Antibiotics. |
| What happens when viruses develop random mutations? | This can lead to different characteristics, antimicrobials will be deficient. It an reproduce twice as much, and this can cause genes for resistance to be passed on. |
| Which ways can drugs be tested to find out if it is safe? | Some drugs are tested on human cells which are grown in the laboratory. Or, some even test it on live mammals. |
| What are clinical trials? | This is when drugs are tested on human volunteers. If the results are good, then the drug can be tested on people with the illness. |
| What does the term placebo mean? | This is used in human trials, they are fake treatments which do not involve giving the drug the patient. This is so that one can compare the two. However, in some trials patients which are seriously ill cannot use these. As they are unethical not to allow all patients to receive the potential benefits from the new drug. |
| What are blind trials? | When patients do not know if they've been given the drug or the placebo. Because a patient who knows they are being treated may be feeling better for psychological reasons. Whilst a blind person who gets treated may not feel better even if they are recovering. |
| What are double blind trials? | When the scientist himself does not know the drug until the very end, when they figure out who had the placebo and the actual drug. |
| What are open labelled trials? | Both the patient and the scientist are aware of the treatments that have been used. |
| Where does the blood circulate through your body? | Through the blood vessels. Carrying Oxygen and nutrients by blood to the body cells. And waste such as Carbon dioxide away from other cells. |
| Why is the heart called a double pump? | Because, the right side of your body pumps deoxygenated blood whilst the left side pumps oxygenated blood around the body. |
| What are arteries? | They carry blood away from the heart to the body cells. It comes out of the heart at a high pressure, so the walls of an artery are strong and elastic. |
| What are veins? | They carry blood back to the heart, the blood is at a low pressure in the veins, so the walls are not very thick. They have a bigger lumen, they also have valves to help keep the blood flowing in the right direction. |
| What are capillaries? | They are branches of arteries, that are really tiny. They carry the blood really close to every cell in the body to exchange substances. They have permeable and thin walls, they supply nutrients and oxygen, and take out Carbon dioxide. |
| How can a persons heart rate be measured by taking their pulse rate? | Because the pulsation is caused by blood being pumped through it by a heart beat. So you an measure your pulse rate to work out your heart rate. |
| What happens when your heart muscles contract? | They release blood out of the heart, this increases the pressure of your blood. When your heart muscles relax they fill your heart with blood and your blood pressure decreases. |
| How can humans get heart attacks? | If the coronary artery gets completely blocked, an area of the heart muscles will be totally cut off, receiving no oxygen, causing heart attacks. |
| How are lifestyle factors linked to heart disease? | It can happen through: poor diet, smoking, stress, misuse of illegal drugs and excessive drinking of alcohol. |
| What is epidemiological studies? | They are the study of patterns of diseases and the factor which affect. |
| What is homeostasis? | This means, maintaining a constant internal environment. It balances your inputs and outputs. |
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