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| Frage | Antworten |
| Psychophysics | the study of environmental energies and how it affects your psychology (behavior, mood, conciousness) |
| Sensation | -physical absorption of energy (external the brain) 1. Reception 2. Transduction 3.Transmisson |
| Reception | absorption of environmental energy by senses (ears, eyes, mouth) |
| Transduction | conversion of energy so it can be processes, converts to a neurological impulse (action potential) --> information |
| Transmission | sends to RF to filter before entering the brain |
| Perception | cognitive, how we analyze 1. Selection 2. COding 3. Interpretation |
| Selection | the RF selects and sorts to decide whats important (hind brain) |
| Coding | thalamus receives whats important, organizes it, encodes in and sends to correct lobe, hippocampous creates memory encoder to chose where it will be stored |
| Interpretation | analyze information, comprehend, have we seen it before? what should we do? |
| Bottom-Up Processing | analysis that begins w/ the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information (slower but always correct) |
| Top-Down Processing | information processing guided by higher level mental processes as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectation (we must have a cognitive assumption; experience to draw conclusion from) |
| Sensory Reduction | sensational, receptors reduce the amount of energy received, prevents thalamic overload |
| Sensory Adaption | diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus, Rf (HB) and Hippocampous/ Thalamus (MB), get used to perceiving something constant, process the RF uses to filter unimportant things out- when important uses selection to send to thalamus |
| Habituation | filtering at the cortex, al senses can be habituated smell can only be habituated, getting used to a sense |
| Absolute Threshold | the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time |
| Difference Threshold | the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time, smallest amount of change that you can detect |
| Signal Detection | predicts when and how we detect the presence of a faint stimulus(signal amid background stimulation (noise), ability to focus with distraction--> you look for it so you can react quicker |
| Weber's Law | to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum proportion---> perceptual |
| Pain Sensation | bodys warning system/ reduce amount of damage |
| Substance P | chemical responsible for sensation of pain |
| Endorphins | natural pain killers that the body produces, (opiates) |
| Gate Control Theory of Pain | small nerve fibers- conduct pain signals in spinal cord, large nerve fibers- conduct sensory skills: when tissue is injured the gate opens and you feel pain- large fibers close the gate and block pain signals so they don't reach the brain |
| Wavelength | the distance from one wave peak to the next |
| Frequency | the number of wavelengths that pass through a stationary object at a given time (380 nm/s -75nm/s) |
| Low frequency wavelength | slow moving, reddish colors |
| Infra-Red Waves | undetectable, below 380 nm/s |
| High frequency wavelengths | fast moving, bluish colors |
| Ultra-Violet waves | undetectable, above 750 nm/s |
| Amplitude (Intensity) | the amount of energy in a light or sound wave which we perceive as brightness or loudness as determined by amplitude --> how much energy it contains |
| Saturation (Complexity) | absorbing multiple waves of different amplitudes, lengths and frequencies at the same time |
| Eye Lid | external shield from dirt / blocks light / cleans the eye |
| Cornea | internal shield, refracts light, high concentration of nerve endings per square mm than any other part of body |
| Pupil | the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters |
| iris | a ring on muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye and the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening ( responds to amplitude of the wave) |
| Vitreous Humor | inside ocular chamber, substance, translucent, gelatinous fluid, fills the chamber and allows for eye to maintain spherical shape |
| Retina | light sensitive inner surface of eye, contains layers of neurons which begin transducing visual info-- converting to neural impulse (contains rods and cones [nerve receptor cells]) |
| Rods | detect black, white & gray, necessary for peripheral and twilight vision (when cones don't respond), concentrated on outside, shows contrast |
| Cones | concentrated near center, function well in light conditions, detects fine detail (acuity) and gives rise to color sensation |
| Fovea | central focal point of the retina- cones cluster around it, size of pin head, bullseye |
| Optic Nerve | the nerve that carries nerve impulses from the eye and to the brain, (transmission --> retina to RF) |
| Blind Spot | where the optic nerve leaves the eye there are no receptor cells there- creates a blind spot --> when fovea is on this spot you become blind |
| Sclera | the outer casing of the eye, lots of blood vessels for oxygen, four ocular muscles, flesh all connected |
| Opaque | white of the eye |
| Visual Accommodation | The process by which the lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina (the lens changes it's curviture) |
| How do eyes adjust when light is limited? | pupils dilate to allow more light in, the cones become more sensitive and rods are used more, takes 20 minutes for eyes to fully adapt |
| Myopia (Nearsightedness) | visual impairment at a distance, focal point of lens not on retina/fovea but in front of fovea instead |
| Hyperopia (Farsightedness) | focal point of lens extends beyond the fovea, not a point but a broad band, visual impairment is a near distance |
| Astigmatism | misshaped eye, can be severe or suttle |
| Presbyopia | lens loses elasticity (natural as you get older) takes longer to adjust muscle, transitional blindness b/c takes time |
| Perceptual Processing (visual) | 1. Selection 2. Coding 3. Interpretaion |
| Feature Detectors | nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, (shape, angle or movement) parts of the cortex- fusiform/inferior gyrus ...allows us to thin slice! |
| Selective Attention | ability to focus on one impulse over a variety of distractions, cortex decides what to interpret (top down assumptions) matter of perception |
| Individual Motivation Perception | b/c pf your experiences, you make cognitive assumptions based on what you want to perceive |
| Illusions | based upon glitch with top down processing |
| Form Perception | b/c of your experiences, you make cognitive assumptions based upon what you want to perceive |
| Figure & Ground Perception | Figure--> grabas the attention of your eyes (stands out) Ground--> background which makes the figure jump out even easier |
| Reversibile Figure Illusions | one picture with two images all based upon what you perceive as figure and ground - could be reversed |
| Closure Illusions | given incomplete information, natural ability to complete it |
| Closure Illusions | given incomplete information, natural ability to complete it |
| Impossible Figure Illusions | impossible to determine figure from the ground |
| Perceptual Adaption | you see incomplete/ distorted image but still can make it out |
| Perceptual Set Illusions | mis perception of our ability to adapt perceptually |
| Perceptual Interference | takes place at corpus callossum, when left brain tries to work simultaneously with the right brain and there is interference (Stroop Test) |
| Frame of Reference Perception | comparative, point of reference of how we perceive the world, it doesn't change but appears so |
| How many colors & shades can a human perceive? | 7 million |
| Color Deficient Vision | Lack of cones or sensitivity to cones in retina |
| Opponent Process Theory | each bipolar cell sensitive to two opposite wavelengths, when one half are over exhausted, the other half over compensates |
| After Image Illusions | the risidual (phantom) presence of an image that is perceived even after its gone |
| Monocular Cues | interposition, linear perspective, motions approx. size, shape and form, done by either eye alone |
| Binocular Cues | retinal disparity, distance between objects, uses both eyes |
| Depth Perception | ability to see objects in 3-D although the images that strike the retina are 2-D, uses binocular cues and monocular cues |
| Retinal Disparity | (different levels of depth) b/c two eyes, retinas compare them and compute the distance (2-D) |
| Convergence | crossing your line of sight approx. 20 feet in front |
| Frequency Theory | the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, enabling us to hear pitch |
| Conduction Deafness | hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea (middle ear) - can often be restored |
| Nerve Deafness | hearing loss caused by damage to the cochleas receptor cells or to the auditory nerves (inability to convert energy or transmit sound waves to RF) |
| Place Theory | in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated- both sensation and perception |
| Uniqueness of Olfaction | unlike other senses filtered by the RF and then perceived, 100% of smell bypasses filtering system of RF and is perceived |
| How many smells can the human body detect? | 10,000 |
| Pheromones | biollogically produced, airborne emitted chemical that causes a change in behavior, humans have subtle ones (odorless), for lesser species this is the way they communicate, glands are in cheeks |
| Papillae | taste buds, gustary receptors, absorb and transduce taste |
| 4 Taste Sensations | Sweet, Salty, Sour and Bitter |
| Necrobiosis | cells die then replace, papillae for adult takes adult 30 days and child 7 days...children are more sensitive and don/t have acquired taste |
| Olfaction | nothing more powerful to memory than smell, transduction not in nose but in the olfactory bulb located in the parietal lobe |
| Tactical Sense | sense of touch |
| Vestibular Sense | the sense of body movement and position, sense of balance and orientation (knowing where you are), posture [cerebellum, semicircular canals, vestibular sacs in inner ear] |
| Motion Sickness | disruption between vestibular sense and visual sense, result is disorientation |
| Kinesthesis | the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts (basal ganglia, corpus callossum) -voluntary motor control |
| Subliminal Perception | below the threshold of perception, but you can sense-aware and sensed but not processed or perceived |
| Priming | type of subliminal perception in which a repetitive subliminal stimulus causes change in mood, perception and behavior (Dave Barg, "Blink") |
| tachistoscope | Machine that produces subliminal images, shows picture for less than a second but slow enough that absolute threshold will be met (we can sense but too quick to perceive) |
| Extrasensory Perception (ESP) Pseudo Psychology | the controversial claim that perception can occur with abstract sensation (pseudo- un scientific, cant experiment, no data) |
| Frequency | determines pitch; low frequency- low pitch, high frequency- high pitch |
| Amplitude (Intensity) | determines the loudness of the sound wave |
| Range | how diverse of sounds there are |
| Timbre | quality/ clarity of sound |
| Outer ear | absorbs sound waves (channels them through pinna into auditory canal to the ear drum) |
| Middle Ear | transmits eardrum vibrations through piston of 3 bones to the cochlea (Amplifies the sound waves) |
| Inner Ear | smallest bones in body, amplifies sound waves and directs them to oval window |
| Inner Ear | smallest bones in body, amplifies sound waves and directs them to oval window |
| Cochlea | converts sound waves into a neural impulse-transduction (hairs sway) |
| Auditory Nerve | transmits the neural impulses from cochlea to the RF (sends off to the lobe) |
| Eustachian Tube | in inner ear- preserves health of the ear- a drainage tube for fluid, water and pressure to the throat |
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