Biomech Midterm

Beschreibung

Biomechanics Karteikarten am Biomech Midterm, erstellt von alex.ostapchuk am 11/10/2013.
alex.ostapchuk
Karteikarten von alex.ostapchuk, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
alex.ostapchuk
Erstellt von alex.ostapchuk vor etwa 11 Jahre
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Frage Antworten
What is statics? The study of systems in constant motion (velocity), including systems at rest.
What is the study of dymamics? study of systems in acceleration
What's the difference between kinetics and kinematics? Give examples of each. Kinetics- the causation of motion based on push/pull forces. Kinematics- the description of motion without causation. (speed, direction, form, technique)
What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative analysis? Who would use eachn? Qualitative- without numbers. Coaches, teachers, clinicians. Quantiative- including numbers. Biophysical research, ergonomics.
What is a system? Structure/organization of structures that you are analyzing.
Why do we use kinematics? Provides standards for performance evaluation and coaching
What is linear motion? Is this kinematic or kinetic? Give e.g. KINEMATIC: description a.k.a. translation- motion of all body parts along a straight (rectilinear) or curved line (curvilinear), moving at the same direction, at the same speed. e.g. jump up to a high bar in gymnastics
Angular Motion - kinematic or kinetic? Give e.g. KINEMATIC: description rotation around a fixed axis e.g. body segments around joints, person skiing over a hill
What's the difference between a local and global reference frame? Local: frame moves with body segments (relative) Global: inertial frame doesn't move in terms of gravity (inertial)
What is general motion? Linear and angular motion combined (most movements)
What axis goes with the sagittal plane? Mediolateral axis
Which axis goes with the coronal plane? Anteroposterior axis
What axis goes with the transverse plane? Longitudinal axis
What plane/axis do flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion occur in? Sagittal/mediolateral
In which plane/axis does ulnar/radial deviation occur? Coronal/anteromedial
What plane/axis does inversion and eversion occur in? coronal/anteroposterior
What plane/axis does pronation/supination occur? Transverse/longitudinal
How are cartesian reference frames organized? P (Px, Py)
How are polar reference frames organized? P (r, theta)
How do you convert polar coordinates into cartesian? Take the two given sides and find the hypoteneus using Pythagorean Theorem Solve for the angle by taking tan=o/a and then using the inverse of tan
Define and state the units for INERTIA Tendancy for an object to resist change in motion (i.e. resist acceleration) Proportional to the mass.
Define and state the units for MASS Quantity of matter composing an object (kg)
Define and state the units for FORCE What are the two effects it can have on an object? What are the 3 things that it needs to be characterized? represents push/pull action of one object on another -> accelerates/deforms objects 1. magnitude (how much F) 2. Direction 3. Point of application (N) = (kg)(m/s2)
Define and state the units for CENTRE OF GRAVITY Point at which objects mass is concentrated (body weight is equally balanced) * can shift up/down depending on how body shapes distributes mass. (i.e. bend over, CoG will lower a bit)
Define and state the units for WEIGHT Amount of gravitational force on object -> point of application, magnitude, and direction must all be specified (N)
Define and state the units for PRESSURE Force distributed over a given area (pascals = N/m2)
Define and state the units for VOLUME Space occupied by matter (cm3) lwh
Define and state the units for DENSITY mass per unit volume (N/m3)
Define and state the units for TORQUE Turning effect of Force on an object at a distance from the objects CoG. (eccentric force causes translation and rotation) vs. central force goes through CoG (n-m)
What is the moment arm? Perpendicular distance between force line of action and the axis of rotation
Define and state the units for IMPULSE product of F (magnitude of applied F) and time (duration of force application) (e.g. small force over long duration, large force over small duration) (n-s)
What are the primary minerals important for the compressive strength of a bone? calcium carbonate!
What mineral helps bones in tensile strength? Collagen! (allows flexibility)
What is stiffness? The ratio of stress/strain in a loaded material
What is the difference between cortical and trabecular bone? Cortical: highly compacted with minerals, low poprsity, can undergo more STRESS (i.e. stiffer) and LESS strain. Found in shafts of long bones. Trabecular: high porosity, filled with marrow/fat, can undergo more STRAIN (deformation). Found in ends of bones, verterbral discs
What does "bones are anisotrophic mean? show difference strength/stiffness in response to the applied force
What are the biomechanical functions of bone? Other functions? body framework, protection attachment sites for muscles mineral storage (Ca, P), fatty acids grwoth blood production endocrine organ
What is the difference between bone MODELING and REMODELING? modeling: formation of new bone-mostly during adolescence at epiphyseal plates remodeling: reabsorption of damaged/old bone ad replacement of new bone (occurs throughout lifespan)
How does circumferential growth occur? Internal layer builds new layers, while bone is reabsorped around medullary cavity... so inside diameter is enlarged to proportion.
What are load bearing tissues of the body? tendons, ligaments, muscles, bones, cartilage
What is torsion? one side twists- like in a knee injury skiing
What is "bending? torques created at both ends- creates tension along one side and compression along the other. Tension side will fracture first since bone is less able to withstand that force. (better at withstanding compressive forces)
Explain, and draw, the load-deformation curve. Is this a structural or material representation of tissues? Starts going up linear (elastic region) then becomes non-linear (plastic region) structural representation!
What is the difference between elasticity and plasticity? Elasticity- no permanent damage when F is released- returns to normal shape Plasticity- permanent deformation (injury)
What is compliance? If something is very stiff, is it compliant? The opposite (inverse of stiffness). So if you are very stiff, you are not very compliant.
What is mechanical stress? Which other kinetic quality is it related to? The resulting force distribution in a body from an external force. Tissues develop resistance to this internal loading. Related to PRESSURE - but pressure is measured externally of the body.
What is mechanical strain? A measure of change in the shape of loading. Measures deformation in relative terms (%) vs. deformation which is measured in absolute terms (mm)
What is a "normalized load"? When tissue qualities are broken into fundemental properties to compare themselves to other structures
Explain the stress-strain curve, and draw. Linear portion at start- Young's Modulus (stiffness) Then non-linear - due to fluid in tissues *normalized version of the load-deformation curve
What is Hooke's Law? And state formula. Give an example. Says that stress-strain are linearly related. stress= youngs modulus x strain e.g. elastic bands
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