Vocab

Frage	Antworten
government	the institutions that have the authority and capability to create and enforce public policies (rules) for a specific territory or people
social contract	creates and give authority to a governing body with a legal monopoly on power or force.
politics	individual and collective efforts to influence the workings of government.
limited government	rather than a large, active government. Government is seen as a last resort for solving problems. (narrow government activity)
consent of the governed	means that citizens have the right to abolish the government altogether if the feel that it is using power wrong.
declaration of independence	asserted that the rights to life, liberty, property, and the pursuit of happiness were "unalienable", meaning they cant be given away. Was also an attempt to find common ground that would join the colonists as " Americans".
shays's rebellion	a protest by farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787 to stop foreclosures on property by state court.
great compromise	the agreement between small and large states the representation in the senate would be equal for each state.
separation of powers	means that the major branches of government would have different primary functions and responsibilities (the legislature would make law, the executive would implement law, and the judiciary would interpret law).
judicial review	meaning it would decide whether the laws and other actions of government officials were or were not constitutional.
federalism	is a governing arrangement that distributes power across a national government and sub-national governments and guarantees the survival of these different levels of government.
supremacy clause	a clause in the constitution that declares that national laws and treaties have supremacy over state laws and treaties.
federalist	supported the constitution and favored it ratification.
anti-federalists	opposed the constitution, fearing it had to much power.
bill of rights	refers to the first 10 amendments to the constitution, which focused on preserving individual freedoms.
federalist papers	presented the theoretical basis of american government covering such concepts of federalism, the separation of powers, and checks and balances.
dual federalism	embraces the idea of dual sovereignty and dual citizenship. The national government is sovereign in some areas, and the state government are sovereign in others.
reserved power	tenth amendment provides the powers not delegated to the national government by the constitution and not prohibited for state government, are reserved for the states or for the people.
police power	the protection of public safety, health, welfare, and morality by the government.
cooperative federalism	the national and state government share many functions and areas of authority.
enumerated powers	the specifically listed duties that the U.S. constitution assigns to congress.
implied powers	congress could make laws needed to carry out its enumerated powers.
categorical grant	the federal government provides money that is to be used for very specific purposes.
block grant	are more general and provide great flexibility to the states.
selective incorporation	process by which protections in the bill of rights were gradually applied to the states.
prior restraint	government intervention to prevent the publication of material it finds objectionable.
establishment clause	government must not designate any official religion (clause in the first amendment).
free exercise clause	declares that government should not interfere with the individual practice of religious beliefs (clause found in the first amendment).
lemon test	a 3 part establishment clause test used by the supreme court 1. THE LAW OR ACTION MUST HAVE A PLAUSIBLE SECULAR 2. ITS PRIMARY OR PRINCIPAL EFFECT MUST BE NEITHER ADVANCE NOR INHIBIT RELIGION 3. IT MUST NOT FOSTER EXCESSIVE GOVERNMENT ENTANGLEMENT WITH RELIGION.
exclusionary rule	evidence gathered illegally cant be introduced into trial, and convictions cant be based on this evidence (established by the supreme court).
fourth amendment	protects citizens against "unreasonable" searches and seizures, noting that people are to be " secure in their person, houses, papers, and effects".
fifth amendment	the government cant try a defendant for the same crime more than once till they get a guilty verdict.
miranda warning	ruling that requires police, when arresting a suspect, to inform them of their rights, including the right to remain silent and have an attorney present during questioning.
equal protection clause	clause in the 14th amendment stating that states are not to deny any person equal treatment under the law.
13th amendment	ratified in Dec. 1865, made slavery unconstitutional anywhere within the U.S.
14th amendment	ratified in July 1868, it established that anyone born or naturalized in the U.S. is a citizen of the U.S. and also the state in which he or she lives.
15th amendment	ratified in March 1870, made it unconstitutional for the national government or state governments to deny an individual the right to vote based on race, color or previous history of having been a slave or of having been descended from a slave.
jim crow laws	system of laws that separated the races in school, public accommodations, and other aspects of daily life.
direct democracy	the people vote directly on laws
representative democracy	people vote for their leaders through elections and those leaders make the laws not the people.
natural rights	people as human beings already inherent these rights; government does not provide these rights and therefore can not take them away but can restrict them.
affirmative action	calls for aggressive outreach efforts targeted to groups traditionally underrepresented in particular jobs and college admissions.
19th amendment	gave women the right to vote (1920).
dred scott v. standford	supreme court decision in 1857 declaring that neither slaves nor the decedents of slaves could be U.S. citizens...Dred Scott, traveled with his owner to Illinois, a free state, and to other free territories north of the line established by the Missouri Compromise of 1820.
plessy v. ferguson (1896)	decided that segregated facilities for blacks and whites were required.
brown v. board of education (1954)	decided that separated schools lead to unequal education so they overturned the separate but equal doctrine.
highest voter turnout education: college diploma age: 62-77 income: 5th quintile	lower voter turnout education: grade school/ high school age: 29-under income: 2nd quintile
compared to other industrialized western democracies the U.S. has lower rates of voter turnouts.	since 1960 the voter turnout has declined but has shown an upturn in recent years. The turnout is higher in presidential elections than midterm elections.
public opinion	the collective political beliefs and attitudes of the public, or groups within the public, on matters of relevance to government.
ideology	a consistent set of ideas about a given set of issues.
sampling	taking a small fraction of something that is meant to represent a larger whole, for example, a group of people who represent a larger population.
random sample	a population sample in which it is equally likely that each member of the population will be included in the sample.
sampling error	the difference between the reported characteristics of the sample and the characteristics of the larger population, the result from imperfect sampling.
margin of error	the range surrounding a sample's response within which researchers are confident the larger population's true response would fall.
generational effect	the situation in which younger citizens are influenced by events in such a fashion that their attitudes and beliefs are forever rendered distinct from those of older generations.
period effect	an event that influenced the attitudes and beliefs of people of all ages.
life-cycle effect	attitudes or physical characteristics that change as one ages, no matter the time period or generation.
political socialization	is a learning process, one in which individuals absorb info about the political world and add it, selectively, to their core of knowledge.
delegates	individuals who represent a state's voters in the selection of a political party's presidential candidate.
caucus	a small meeting at which registered political party members select delegates to attend the national party convention and nominate a presidential candidate.
primary	election in which voters choose the candidate who will represent their political party in the general election.
plurality rule	a candidate wins office by getting more voters then his or her opponent, even if that candidate does not receive an absolute majority of the votes.
prospective voting	voters decide what government will do in the future by choosing a certain political party with distinct stances on issues.
retrospective voting	voters judge candidates on their performance or their parties rather than issue stands and assessments of what each candidate would do if elected.
electoral college	is the meeting, of electors who cast votes to elect the president, it is held in each state including the District of Columbia.

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