chapter 1.2

Frage	Antworten
Behaviourism	Based on the premise that it is not possible to objectively study the mind, and therefore that psychologists should limit their attention to the study of behaviour itself
Structuralism	Uses the method of introspection to identify the basic elements or “structures” of psychological experience
Functionalism	Attempts to understand why animals and humans have developed the particular psychological aspects that they currently possess
Psychodynamic	Focuses on the role of our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories and our early childhood experiences in determining behaviour
Cognitive	The study of mental processes, including perception, thinking, memory, and judgments
Social-cultural	The study of how the social situations and the cultures in which people find themselves influence thinking and behaviour
Nature versus nurture	Are genes or environment most influential in determining the behaviour of individuals and in accounting for differences among people
Free will versus determinism	This question concerns the extent to which people have control over their own actions. Are we the products of our environment, guided by forces out of our control, or are we able to choose the behaviours we engage in
Accuracy versus inaccuracy	To what extent are humans good information processors
Conscious versus unconscious processing	To what extent are we conscious of our own actions and the causes of them, and to what extent are our behaviours caused by influences that we are not aware of
Differences versus similarities	To what extent are we all similar, and to what extent are we different?
Introspection	asking research participants to describe exactly what they experience as they work on mental tasks
school of functionalism	A group that try to understand why animals and humans have developed the particular psychological aspects that they currently possess
theory of natural selection	which proposed that the physical characteristics of animals and humans evolved because they were useful, or functional
evolutionary psychology	branch of psychology that applies the Darwinian theory of natural selection to human and animal behaviour developed from the functionalism
Fitness	to the extent to which having a given characteristic helps the individual organism survive and reproduce at a higher rate than do other members of the species who do not have the characteristic.
Psychodynamic psychology	is an approach to understanding human behaviour that focuses on the role of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories
Cognitive psychology	is a field of psychology that studies mental processes, including perception, thinking, memory, and judgment
Neuroimaging	is the use of various techniques to provide pictures of the structure and function of the living brain
conformity	we frequently change our beliefs and behaviours to be similar to those of the people we care about
social norms	the ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving that are shared by group members and perceived by them as appropriate
culture	common set of social norms, including religious and family values and other moral beliefs, shared by the people who live in a geographical region
individualism	valuing the self and one’s independence from others
collectivism	focus on developing harmonious social relationships with others
Biopsychology and neuroscience	This field examines the physiological bases of behaviour in animals and humans by studying the functioning of different brain areas and the effects of hormones and neurotransmitters on behaviour.
Clinical and counselling psychology	These are the largest fields of psychology. The focus is on the assessment, diagnosis, causes, and treatment of mental disorders.
Cognitive psychology	This field uses sophisticated research methods, including reaction time and brain imaging, to study memory, language, and thinking of humans.
Developmental psychology	These psychologists conduct research on the cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur across the lifespan.
Forensic psychology	Forensic psychologists apply psychological principles to understand the behaviour of judges, lawyers, courtroom juries, and others in the criminal justice system.
Health psychology	Health psychologists are concerned with understanding how biology, behaviour, and the social situation influence health and illness.
Industrial-organizational and environmental psychology	Industrial-organizational psychology applies psychology to the workplace with the goal of improving the performance and well-being of employees.
Personality psychology	These psychologists study people and the differences among them. The goal is to develop theories that explain the psychological processes of individuals, and to focus on individual differences.
School and educational psychology	This field studies how people learn in school, the effectiveness of school programs, and the psychology of teaching.
Social and cross-cultural psychology	This field examines people’s interactions with other people. Topics of study include conformity, group behaviour, leadership, attitudes, and personal perception
Sports psychology	This field studies the psychological aspects of sports behaviour. The goal is to understand the psychological factors that influence performance in sports, including the role of exercise and team interactions.

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