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| Frage | Antworten |
| Cell Division | Creation of new cells by division of preexisting cells. |
| Meiosis | In sexually reproducing organisms, a special two-stage type of cell division in which one diploid (2n) parent cell produces haploid (n) cells (gametes); results in halving of the chromosome number. Also called reduction division. |
| Cell Cycle | Ordered sequence of events in which a eukaryotic cell replicates its chromosomes, evenly partitions the chromosomes to two daughter cells, and then undergoes division of the cytoplasm. |
| Mitosis | In eukaryotic cells, the process of nuclear division that results in two daughter nuclei genetically identical with the parent nucleus. Subsequent cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm) yields two daughter cells. |
| Replication (Requirements for cellular replication) | 1. Copy the DNA 2. Separate the copies 3. Divide the cytoplasm to create 2 complete cells |
| Replication (Responsibility for eukaryotic cellular replication) | 1.) Growth 2.)Wound repair 3.) Reproduction (Asexual Reproduction) |
| Cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm into 2 distinct cells |
| Interphase | The portion of the cell cycle between one M phase and the next. Includes the G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase. |
| Somatic Cells | Any type of cell in a multicellular organism except eggs, sperm, and their precursor cells. Also called body cells. |
| Gap phases | Gap represent time when chromosome replication is complete (mitosis has not begun) |
| Why do Gap Phases exist? | 1.) Need to copy their chromosomes during interphase 2.) Cells also must prepare for division by replicating organelles & increase in size |
| Parent Cell | A cell that is the source of other cells, as a cell that divides to produce two or more daughter cells |
| Asexual Reproduction | Produces offspring genetically identical w/ parent |
| G1 Phase | The phase of the cell cycle that constitutes the first part of interphase before DNA synthesis (S phase). |
| Daughter Cell | Either of the two cells formed when a cell undergoes cell division |
| Binary Fission | The process of cell division used for asexual reproduction of many prokaryotic cells. The genetic material is replicated and partitioned to opposite sides of a growing cell, which is then divided in half to create two genetically identical cells. |
| G2 phase | The phase of the cell cycle between synthesis of DNA (S phase) and mitosis (M phase); the last part of interphase. |
| S (Synthesis) phase | The phase of the cell cycle during which DNA is synthesized and chromosomes are replicated. |
| Centrosomes | an organelle near the nucleus of a cell that contains the centrioles (in animal cells) and from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division. |
| M (Mitosis) Phase | The phase of the cell cycle during which cell division occurs. Includes mitosis or meiosis and often cytokinesis. |
| Centrioles | a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division. |
| Prophase | The first stage in mitosis or meiosis during which chromosomes become visible and the spindle apparatus forms. Synapsis and crossing over occur during prophase of meiosis I. |
| Kinetochore | A protein complex at the centromere where microtubules attach to the chromosome. Contains motor proteins and microtubule-binding proteins that are involved in chromosome segregation during M phase. |
| Prometaphase | A stage in mitosis or meiosis during which the nuclear envelope breaks down and microtubules attach to kinetochores. |
| Metaphase plate | a plane cell section in the equatorial plane of the metaphase spindle having the chromosomes oriented upon it. |
| Metaphase | A stage in mitosis or meiosis during which chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. |
| Anaphase | A stage in mitosis or meiosis during which chromosomes are moved to opposite poles of the spindle apparatus. |
| Telophase | The final stage in mitosis or meiosis during which daughter chromosomes (homologous chromosomes in meiosis I) have separated and new nuclear envelopes begin to form around each set of chromosomes. |
| Cleavage Furrow | A pinching in of the plasma membrane that occurs as cytokinesis begins in animal cells and deepens until the cytoplasm is divided into two daughter cells. |
| Cell Plate | A flattened sac-like structure formed in the middle of a dividing plant cell from Golgi- derived vesicles containing cell wall material; ultimately divides the cytoplasm into two separate cells. |
| Microtubules | a microscopic tubular structure present in numbers in the cytoplasm of cells, sometimes aggregating to form more complex structures. |
| Chromosome | Gene-carrying structure consisting of a single long molecule of double-stranded DNA and associated proteins (e.g., histones). Most prokaryotic cells contain a single, circular chromosome; eukaryotic cells contain multiple noncircular (linear) chromosomes located in the nucleus. |
| Kinetochore motor | A protein complex at the centromere where microtubules attach to the chromosome. Contains motor proteins and microtubule-binding proteins that are involved in chromosome segregation during M phase. |
| Histones | any of a group of basic proteins found in chromatin. |
| Dynein | motor protein (also called molecular motor or motor molecule) in cells which converts the chemical energy contained in ATP into the mechanical energy of movement. |
| Chromatin | the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA. |
| Chromatid | One of the two identical double-stranded DNAs composing a replicated chromosome that is connected at the centromere to the other strand. |
| Sister chromatid | The paired strands of a recently replicated chromosome, which are connected at the centromere and eventually separate during anaphase of mitosis and meiosis II. Compare with non-sister chromatids. |
| Centromere | Constricted region of a replicated chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined and the kinetochore is located. |
| Mitotic spindle | macromolecular machine that segregates chromosomes to two daughter cells during mitosis. The major structural elements of the spindle are microtubule polymers, whose intrinsic polarity and dynamic properties are critical for bipolar spindle organization and function. |
| Spindle Fibers | Form a protein structure that divides the genetic material in a cell. Necessary to equally divide the chromosomes in a parental cell into two daughter cells during both types of nuclear division: mitosis and meiosis. |
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