pathogens

Frage	Antworten
Describe how viruses and bacteria make us ill ?	Bacteria may produce poisons (toxins) that damage tissues and make us feel ill. Viruses live and reproduce inside cells, causing cell damage.
Describe 4 ways that the spread of disease can be reduced ?	The spread of diseases can be reduced or prevented by : • simple hygiene measures • destroying vectors • isolation of infected individuals • vaccination.
Describe how the measles virus is spread ?	The measles virus is spread by inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs.
What are the symptoms of the measles virus ?	Measles is a viral disease showing symptoms of fever and a red skin rash.
How is HIV spread ?	HIV is spread by sexual contact or exchange of body fluids such as blood which occurs when drug users share needles.
How does HIV affect our bodies ?	Unless successfully controlled with antiretroviral drugs the virus enters the lymph nodes and attacks the body’s immune cells.
What is AIDs ?	Late stage HIV, or AIDS, occurs when the body’s immune system is no longer able to deal with other infections or cancers.
What is Tobacco mosaic virus ?	Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a widespread plant pathogen affecting many species of plants including tomatoes.
What are the symptoms of Tomato mosaic virus	It gives a distinctive ‘mosaic’ pattern of discolouration on the leaves which affects the growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis.
How is salmonella spread ?	Salmonella food poisoning is spread by bacteria ingested in food, or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions.
How is the spread of salmonella controlled in the uk ?	In the UK, poultry are vaccinated against Salmonella to control the spread.
How does salmonella make us ill ?	Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea are caused by the bacteria and the toxins they secrete.
How is Gonorrhoea bacteria spread and what are its symptoms ?	Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) with symptoms of a thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis and pain on urinating.
How can the spread of Gonorrhoea be prevented?	Gonorrhoea is spread by sexual contact. The spread can be controlled by treatment with antibiotics or the use of a barrier method of contraception such as a condom.
How was Gonorrhoea initially treated ?	It is caused by a bacterium and was easily treated with the antibiotic penicillin until many resistant strains appeared.
What is rose black fungal disease and how is it spread ?	Rose black spot is a fungal disease where purple or black spots develop on leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early. It affects growth of the plant as photosynthesis is reduced. It is spread in by water or wind.
How is rose black treated ?	Rose black spot can be treated by using fungicides and/or removing and destroying the affected leaves.
What type of pathogen causes malaria?	The pathogens that cause malaria are protists.
What is the vector for malaria ?	The mosquito
What are the symptoms of malaria ?	Malaria causes recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal.
How can the spread of malaria be reduced ?	The spread of malaria is controlled by preventing the vectors, mosquitos, from breeding and by using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten.

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