4229213
Beschreibung
Karteikarten von Rebecca Urban, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von Rebecca Urban
vor fast 9 Jahre
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| Frage | Antworten |
| Importance of Surveying | Map the Earth Navigate charts Property Boundaries Data Banks |
| IFS | International Federation of Surveyors |
| GIS | Geographic Information System |
| groma | for sighting |
| Libella | A-frame with a plumb bob |
| Chorobates | horizontal straightedge used for leveling |
| Total Station Instrument | automatically measure and record horizontal and vertical distances and angles |
| GNSS | Global Navigation Satellite System |
| GPS | Global Positioning System |
| ellipsoid | curved surface approximating the size and shape of the earth |
| Control Surveys | serve as reference framework |
| Topographic surveys | determine locations of natural and artificial features and elevations used in map making |
| Land, Boundary, and Cadastral Surveys | establish property lines and property corner markers |
| Original Surveys | establish new section corners |
| Retractment Surveys | recovery established boundary lines |
| Subdivision Surveys | establish monuments and delineate new land |
| condominium surveys | boundary survey |
| hydrographic surveys | define shorelines and depths of bodies of water |
| Alignment Survey | plan, design, and construct highways, railroads, etc. |
| Construction Surveys | line, grade, elevation, etc. |
| As-built Surveys | document final locations |
| Mine Surveys | guide tunneling above and below ground |
| Solar Surveys | Maps according to the suns angle |
| Optical tooling | method of making extremely accurate measurements |
| OSHA | Occupation Safety and Health Administration |
| LIS | Land Information Systems |
| NGS | National Geodetic Survey |
| BLM | The Bureau of land Management |
| USGS | United States Geological Survey |
| ACSM | American Congress on Surveying and Mapping |
| SAGES | Surveying and Geomatics Educators Society |
| Direct Observation | Observation gathered with an instrument |
| Indirect Observation | observation gathered without a system |
| MSL | Mean Sea Level |
| Tidal Datum | vertical datum used in coastal areas |
| BM | Benchmark |
| USCGS | US Coast and Geodetic Survey |
| NGVD29 | National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 |
| NAVD88 | North American Vertical Datum of 1988 |
| BS | Backsight |
| HI | height of instrument above the vertical datum |
| FS | foresight |
| hi | height of instrument above an occupied point |
| TP | turning point |
| EDM | Electronic Distance Measurement |
| Those that remain in measured values after mistakes and systematic errors have been eliminated | Random Errors |
| Personal Errors | Arise principally from limitations of the human senses of sight and touch |
| accuracy | denotes the absolute nearness of observed quantities to their true values |
| Natural Errors | caused by variations in wind, temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, atmospheric refraction, gravity, and magnetic declination |
| Integrity | A single omitted measurement or detail can nullify use of the notes for computing and plotting |
| TP | While leveling, these are numbered consecutively but not described in detail, since they are merely a means to and end and usually will not have to be relocated |
| Error | Difference between observed value and true value |
| Instrumental Error | imperfection in setup of equipment |
| Systematic errors | (biases) (cumulative errors) factors that compromise the measuring system |
| NOAA | National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration |
| Leveling | A process by which elevations or differences in elevation are determined |
| PLS | Public Land Survey |
| DMA | Defense Mapping Agency |
| DOD | Department of Defense |
| IFS | Intermediate Fore Sight |
| Sexagesimal System | Degrees, Minutes, Seconds |
| Interior Angles | enclosed in polygon |
| Exterior Angles | outside closed polygon |
| Angles to the right | clockwise from rear to the forward station |
| Angles of Deflection | Observed from an extension of a back line to the forward station |
| Geodetic Meridian | True North |
| Astronomic Meridian | True North, always moving |
| Magnetic Meridian | Compass |
| Grid Meridian | State or other plane coordinate system, grid North |
| Record Meridian | Directional references recorded |
| Assumed Meridian | Established by assigning an arbitrary direction |
| Azimuths | Horizontal angles observed clockwise from meridian |
| Bearings | Acute horizontal angle between meridian and line |
| Magnetic Declination | Horizontal angle observed from the geodetic meridian to the magnetic meridian, accurate to 30 min. of arc |
| Traverse | A series of consecutive lines whose ends have been marked in the field and whose lengths and directions have been determined |
| Departure | Orthographic projection on east-west axis |
| Latitude | Orthographic projection on the north-south axis |
| Simple Curve | Circular arc connecting two tangents |
| Compound Curve | two or more circular arcs of different radii tangent to each other with centers on the same side of alignment |
| Reverse Curve | two circular arc tangent to each other with their centers on opposite sides of the alignment |
| spiral curve | radius decreases uniformly from infinity to the tangent to that of the curve it meets |
| Super Elevation | Balances the effect of centrifugal force on a vehicle passing around a curve |
| Arc Definition of Degree of Curve | Degree of curve is the central angle subtended by a circular arc |
| Chord Definition of Degree of Curve | degree of curve is the angle at the center of a circular arc subtended by a chord of 100 feet. |
| Sag curve | changing from negative to positive slope |
| Crest Curve | changing from positive slope to negative slope |
| Local Attraction | A local caused from things such as power line railroad tracks, and so on the affect the direction a compass needle points at any location |
| alidade | the telescope, graduated circles, and all other elements necessary for measuring angles and distances |
| parallax | apparent motion of an object caused by a movement in the position of the observer's eye |
| Closed Traverse | lines return to the starting point creating a closed figure |
| Link Polygon | finish upon a different point that has a known elevation |
| Open traverse | a series of lines that are connected but do not return to the starting point |
| Meridian Distance | the perpendicular distance from the midpoint of the course to the reference meridian |
| PLSS | US Public Land Survey System, inaugurated in 1784 |
| Topographic Survey | Large scale representation of the earth's surface |
| Contour | a line connecting points of equal elevation |
| US NMAS | US National Mapping Accuracy Standards |
| Bar Scale | shows the segment equal to the scale |
| public lands | Areas that have been subject to administration, survey, and transfer of title to private owners under the public lands laws of the US since 1785 |
| quadrangle | nominal dimensions are 24 miles on a side |
| ranges | north and south rows of townships |
| tiers | east and west rows of townships |
| witness corner | set on lines leading to the corner |
| Meander Corner | established on survey lines intersection the bank of a stream |
| obliterated corner | one for which there are no remaining traces on the monument, but can be recovered beyond reasonable doubt |
| lost corner | cannot be determined |
| Broken-back curve | Combination of a short length of tangent connecting two circular arcs that have centers on the same side |
| Degrees of difference in magnetic declination between the northeast portion of Maine and the northwest part of Washington | 40 |
| Upper part of the total station that includes the telescope, graduated circles, and all other elements necessary for measure angles and distances | Alidade |
| permits accurate centering over a point | optical plummet |
| run as true parallels of latitude 24 miles apart in the same manner as was the baseline | standard parallels or correction lines |
| townships divided into these, numbered from 1 to 36 | sections |
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