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| Frage | Antworten |
| According to archaeologists such as Mary Leaky, where did the first humans originate? | In the region of Laetoli in Tanzania in East Africa. |
| How did early humans live during the Paleolithic Era? | They were hunters and gatherers. Men were equal to women, aside from some gender roles. They had simple tools. They were nomads. They had semi-permanent settlements. |
| Nomadic/Nomads | People that don't live in a permanent settlement. They travel from place to place hunting and gathering food. |
| Hunters and Gatherers | People that travel in small groups (nomads) to hunt animals and gather food such as berries. |
| What did humans learn to do during the Neolithic Revolution? | Humans learned to farm (the development of agriculture) and they learned to tame animals (domestication of animals). |
| How did the Neolithic Revolution change the way people lived? | ? |
| Sedentary | Not a nomad. People that live in a permanent settlement/stay in one place. |
| Subsistence Farming | ? |
| Job Specialization | ? |
| Mesopotamia (Geography) | Tigris and Euphrates River (between two rivers); Modern Day Iraq; ¨Fertile Crescent¨ from Med. Sea to Persian Gulf; Unpredictable flooding; no natural boundaries; limited resources. |
| Mesopotamia (Religion) | Polytheistic; Each city worshiped a different god; Ziggurats (temples) located in the center of towns-where the gods lived. |
| Mesopotamia Achievements | Irrigation system; cuneiform (writing system)-wedge shaped stylus pushed into clay tablets; baked brick buildings, ziggurat temples. |
| Mesopotamia Politics | city-states (Sumer and Babylon); Ruling family=Military leaders. |
| Mesopotamia Economy | Barter economy; crops: wheat and barley; farmers paid taxes in crops. |
| Mesopotamia Society | Upper class: kings, landholders, priests; Middle class: wealthy merchants; Lower class: artisans, craftspeople, farmers. Very low class: slaves; Women were not equal. |
| Fertile Crescent | The land from the Med. Sea to the Persian Gulf in Mesopotamia. It was called the Fertile Crescent because there was fertile land and the land was in a crescent shape. |
| Cuneiform | A writing system made up of symbols that was developed by the people of Mesopotamia. |
| Egypt Geography | Nile River flows north across Africa into Med. Sea; North Africa; seasonal/yearly flooding; flooding-> silt (fertile soil perfect for growing crops); Natural barriers: deserts and mountains. |
| Egypt Religion | Pharaoh (god-king); polytheistic; believed in afterlife. |
| Egypt Achievements | Hieroglyphics (writing system); Papyrus (paper); calendar; mummification; pyramid and monument building; irrigation; geometry; medicine. |
| Egypt Politics | Theocracy (based on religion); Pharaoh (head of government and army, considered to be part god). |
| Egypt Economy | Trade along Nile River; Crops: wheat, barley, and papyrus; External trade for: gold, ivory, cattle, and granite; Traditional Economy. |
| Egypt Society | Upper class: royal family, wealthy landowners, government officials; Middle class: merchants and artisans; Lower class: peasant farmers and slaves. |
| Hieroglyphics | Pictographic writing system used in Egypt. |
| India Geography | India. Indian Sub-Continent. Hindu Kush and Himalayan Mts. Monsoons. Protected from invasion. Ganges River. |
| India Religion | Priests prayed for good harvests and safety. Bull=sacred. |
| India Achievements | Pictographic seals used by merchants (not yet deciphered). Urban planning. Cities: precise grid system. Irrigation system. Citadel:major building of the city. Plumbing/sewage. |
| India Politics | Harrapan civilization. Strong central government. Governed large urban centers. Rule through control of trade and religion (not by military might). |
| India Economy | Gold and silver from Afghanistan. Semi-precious stones in Persia. Cotton-desirable. Thriving trade with distant peoples. |
| India Society | Housing suggests that social divisions were not great. Prosperous society (many non-essential goods). Limited conflict (limited weapons). |
| China (Shang) Geography | Land was isolated in all directions. Gobi desert in north and west. Himalayan Mts. in south. Pacific Ocean in east. Huang He (Yellow River) and Yangtze Rivers. Unpredictable flooding. Yellow silt: Loess. |
| China (Shang) Religion | Believed dead ancestors decided whether the family would have na good future. Family closely linked to religion. Supreme god: Shang di. Mandate of Heaven. |
| China (Shang) Achievements | Writing system= Calligraphy. Irrigation system. Oracle Bones. Flood control. Palaces and tombs for kings. Earthquake walls. wheelbarrows. |
| China (Shang) Politics | Emperor. Imperial family. Mandate of Heaven=the right to rule granted by the ancestors. |
| China (Shang) Economy | Internal trade. Jade, bronze. Pottery. Silk. Chariots. Coined and paper money as currency. |
| China (Shang) Society | Emperor-> Pro-warriors-> Craftsmen-> Majority of population: peasant farmers-> merchants |
| Oracle Bones | Way the Shang communicated with ancestors. |
| Which characteristic did the early civilizations that developed along the Nile, the Tigris-Euphrates and the Huang He (Yellow River) have in common? | transportation and communication were promoted by a mild climate, fertile soil, and natural waterways |
| Hinduism: Place of Origin, Sacred Texts, Founder. | Place of Origin: Indo-Aryans invaded/migrated to India and brought Hinduism with them. Founder: No single founder Sacred Texts: Vedas (most important - Rig Veda), Upanishads (Mahbhrata and Ramayana), and Epics |
| Hinduism Key Beliefs | Karma=one´s good or bad deeds; follows a person from one reincarnation to another. Believed in reincarnation. Dharma= the proper way you should live your life, your moral duties based on your caste. Moksha=end goal of Hindu faith, a state of perfect understanding of all things, Atman (individual soul) unites with Brahman (world soul), only Brahmin can achieve moksha. Caste system. Believed that Purusha gave the world and the caste system. If you fulfill your dharma, you will have good karma, so you will get reincarnated into a higher class. |
| Caste system | a strict social hierarchy with no social mobility. part of the Hindu faith, Buddhists reject it. |
| Reincarnation (Hinduism) | when someone died, their soul would be born into a new body until soul recognizes and rejects maya. |
| Untouchables | lowest social class in the caste system, do the job that no one else wants to do. |
| Buddhism: Place of Origin, Founder | Place of Origin:India in 6th century BCE. Began in India and then spread to China and southeast Asia through trade routes and monastaries (cultural diffusion). Founder: Siddhartha Guatama (The Buddha) |
| Buddhism Key Beliefs | Four Noble Truths. Middle way=balance of spiritual life and material life. Reincarnation= Samsara, reincarnation results from attachments. Nirvana. Reject caste system. Mahayana=believed that Buddha should have a god status. Therevada=traditional. |
| Four Noble Truths | 1. Life is suffering. 2. Suffering is caused by desire (and attachments). 3. The only way to end suffering is to end desire. 4. Eightfold Path. |
| Eightfold Path | guidelines for behavior, the proper way to live. One of the 4 noble truths. |
| Nirvana | achieving nirvana means escape from the cycle of rebirth. Nirvana is a peaceful, detached state of mind. Anyone can achieve nirvana. |
| Confucianism: Place of Origin, Founder, Sacred Text. | Place of Origin: developed during the Warring States Period in China Founder: Confucius (Kung Fu-tzu) Sacred Text: The Analects |
| Confucianism Key Beliefs | Believed that providing roles would make society more orderly. Focused on human behavior, not sin, salvation, gods, etc. Filial Piety. Family=foundation, teach your children proper behavior-to be a good member of society. Value Education=because it forms a person´s character, scholars play an important role. Emperor´s role= seen as an extension of the family, subjects must respect him, he sets a good example for the people, virtuous ruler (wise, humane, benevolent, moral). Five Relationships. |
| Filial Piety | respect for your elders. (Confucianism) |
| Five Key Relationships | Ruler->Subject, Father->Son, Husband->Wife, Elder Brother->Younger Brother, Friend->Friend. First 4 are superior to inferior but 5th is equal. So people knew roles/responsibilities (how to act) in society. |
| Civil Service Examinations (Merit System) | Tests on Confucianism that determined which scholars would earn government jobs based on who passed. |
| Legalism: Place of Origin, Founder | Place of Origin:China during the Warring States Period. Ended the Warring States Period. Founder: Han Feizi (Shi Huangdi was the first emperor) |
| Legalism Key Beliefs | Believed in strict laws, harsh punishments, and a strong central authority. Use harsh measures to maintain power. Unity=unified system of laws. Laws are detailed, and they spell out exact punishments for bad behavior, rich and poor were punished equally. Punishments typically included fines paid in suits of armor, shields, or gold; Physical punishments included forced labor, whippings, and be-headings. Standardizing and simplifying (money, weights, measures, writing systems). Put a stop to any opposition. Very focused on protection (Ex: Great Wall). |
| Daoism: Place of Origin, Founder, Sacred Texts | Place of Origin:China during the Warring States Period Founder: Laozi, Zhuangzi Sacred Texts: Daodejing (The Way and Integrity Classic), Zhuangzi |
| Daoism Key Beliefs | action through inaction. People have problems because they do not understand the natural world they live in and how it behaves. Basic goal=people to understand the Dao (the way) of nature and behave according to it. We remove ourselves from the experience of reality when we put things from nature into words. Nature is just what it is, it does not make mistakes; no good/bad in nature. Yin Yang symbol explains Daoism. Yin (black)=water, moon, earth, quiet, soft, feminine. Yang (white)=fire, sun, heaven, dynamic, hard, masculine. See nature as a whole and everything inside of it as being connected and as part of the whole. Meditation/Tuning into nature. Memorize main writings. |
| Judaism: Place of Origin, Founder, Sacred Text | Place of Origin: God told Abram to go to Canaan approximately 4,000 years ago. Founder: Abram (Abraham) Key People= Joseph, Moses, Joshua. Sacred Texts: Torah |
| Judaism Key Beliefs | God´s covenant with Abraham=if Abraham and his descendants devote themselves to God, God would give them protection and the promised land (Canaan). Egyptian pharaoh enslaves the Israelites because they are a threat to his power. He then orders all male newborns to be killed. Moses escapes. Moses was raised by the pharaoh´s daughter, kills an Egyptian, and has to flee. God tells Moses to save Israelites, God sends down plagues when pharaoh denies. Exodus=Moses leads Israelites out of slavery. Moses parts the Red Sea. Moses and Israelites go to Mt. Sinai where God gives Moses the Ten Commandments. God punishes Israelites to wilderness when they doubt him. Israelites conquer/control Canaan. |
| Ten Commandments | guidelines for behavior in the Jewish religion |
| Torah | Jewish sacred text |
| Christianity: Place of Origin, Founder, Sacred Text, Key Beliefs | Place of Origin: Roman Empire Founder: Jesus Sacred Texts: Bible Key Beliefs: Only one God. Believed Jesus was the Messiah. |
| Bible | Christian sacred text. consists of the Old testament (Torah) and the new testament. |
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