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| Frage | Antworten |
| comprehensive taxonomy of traits | a system that includes all major personality traits |
| traits have either | internal (hidden) motivations or purely descriptive |
| 3 causal way to describe a person (internal trait) | wants, needs, desires |
| internal desire influences | external behaviour |
| Two basic formulas of personality | 1. internal dispositions of influence 2. descriptive summaries expressed behaviour |
| traits that are categories of acts | dominance, impulsiveness |
| 3 elements of Act Frequency Research Program | 1.Act Nomination: Organizing traits into categories+cat. naming 2.Prototypicality Judgement:centralizing important traits in cat. 3.Recording of Act Performance: Self-Report, observer report |
| Disadvantages of Act Frequency Approach | 1. Context of trait, degree of relevance 2. Failures and Covert acts are not recorded 3. |
| advantages of Act Frequency Approach | 1. links behavioural patterns+traits 2. meaning of traits that are difficult to study 3. helps identify domains 4. predict life events |
| lexical approach | all traits listed +defined in dictionary form basis of describing differences among ppl |
| statistical approach | factor analysis/other stats. procedures to identify major traits |
| theoretical approach | researchers rely on theories to identify traits |
| lexical hypothesis | all important individual diff. have become encoded w/in natural language |
| synonym frequency | an attribute has not merely 1 or 2 trait adj. to describe it, instead w/ many words |
| Cross-cultural universality | a trait will transcend cultures +codified an important trait |
| disadvantage w/ lexical approach | 1. does not take into account nouns, adverbs, adjectives |
| statistical approach starts w/ | 1. Lexical approach 2. self-ratings reports 3. personality relevant sentences |
| goal of Stat approach | identify a map of personality |
| factor analysis | identifies groups of items that go together but tend not to group w/ others |
| factor loadings | degree to w/h items correlate w/ underlying factor |
| Disadvantage of Factor analysis | 1. If a trait is over looked, it will not show up in results |
| theory helps.... | identify the important variables of personality |
| Theory of Sociosexual orientation | Men and women will seek 1 of 2 diff. relationships including monogamy or promiscuity |
| Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality PEN | E=Extroversion/ Introversion N=Neuroticism/ emotional stability P=Psychoticism |
| biological underpinnings of Eysenck system | 1. heritability: PEN traits are genetic 2. identifiable physiological substrate: identify properties of brain/ CNS = traits |
| Disadvantages of Eysenck System | 1. more traits then the ones in PEN 2. many other traits are heritable then PEN |
| Cattell's Taxonomy: 16 Personality Factor System | uses S-data+T-data to develop the true factors of personality=16 traits |
| Timothy Leary + Jerry Wiggins | circular model of personality with statistical techniques |
| interpersonal traits Jerry Wiggins | what ppl do w/ & to each other ex. temperament, character traits |
| interpersonal traits are also called | interactions or dyaddic interactions |
| 3 advantages of Wiggins circumplex | 1. clear explicit definition of interpersonal behaviour 2. specifies relationship b/w each trait & every other trait in model 3. alerts investigators to gaps in investigation |
| adjacency | how close traits are to each other in circumplex |
| bipolarity | located at opposite side of circle, negatively correlate |
| orthogonality | traits are perpendicular to each other on model are entirely unrelated |
| Five- factor Model of Personality OCEAN | 1. Openness-intellect 2. consciousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neurotism/stability |
| 5-factor model Allport+Odbert (1936) | combined lexical(Cattell 4,500 traits)+ statistical approach (Fiske - factor analysis) |
| Tupes&Christal 5 - factor M | simplified 22 categories of traits to 5 - factors |
| NEO-PI-R Costa & McCrae | Neuroticism-extroversion-openness Personality Inventory Revised |
| fifth factor problem involves | finding a correct name for openness & intellect: lexical A. across cultures |
| Social attention is a cardinal feature of | Extraversion |
| Critics of 5-Factor M. include traits from 7- factor m + 6-factor m | 1. positive/negative evaluation 2. religiosity/ spirituality 3. attractiveness |
| traits that fall outside of 5-factor M | Conventionality, Seductiveness, Manipulation, thriftiness, humorousness, integrity, femininity, religiosity, risk taking, egotism |
| personality-descriptive nouns Sauier | 1. Dumbbell 2. Babe/cutie 3. Philosopher 4. Lawbreaker 5. Joker 6. Jock |
| Honesty - Humility | is found in 7 languages w/ several words attached |
| Disadvantages of 5-Factor Model | 1. neuroticism - does not pin point emotional problems |
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