IDEOLOGY AND SCIENCE

Frage	Antworten
_________ and ___________ have had a massive impact on society over the last few centuries	Science and technology
They have __________ religion and led to a widespread "belief in science"	Undermined
The key feature of science is its _______ _____	Cognitive power
What does this mean?	Science enables us to explain, predict and control the world
Who claims science is an "open belief system"?	Popper
He argues science is open to _______ and _______	Criticism and testing
Science is based on the principle of _____________	Falsification
What is this?	Scientists try to falsify existing theories by seeking evidence to disprove them. If evidence contradicts a theory, the theory is discarded and a better one found. In this way, knowledge grows.
However scientific knowledge is not the absolute truth. Why?	It can always be tested and potentially falsified
_________ argues that science is an organised social activity	Merton
Merton has developed a set of norms that promote the growth of knowledge by encouraging openness. What is the name of these norms?	CUDOS norms
C	Communism Knowledge must be shared with the scientific community
U	Universalism Scientific knowledge is judged by universal, objective criteria (testing)
D	Disinterestedness Seeking knowledge for its own sake
O S	Organised Scepticism Every theory is open to criticism and testing
Who distinguishes between open and closed belief systems?	Horton
Like _________, he sees science as an open belief system	Popper
However religion is a ______ belief system. How?	Closed It makes knowledge claims that cannot be disproven
A closed system has ___ ___ _______ that prevent it from being disproved in the eyes of its believers	Get out clauses
POLANYI Belief systems have three devises to sustain themselves when presented with contradictory evidence. What are these?	1. Circularity 2. Subsidiary explanations 3. Denying legitimacy to rival beliefs
Who argues SCIENCE is a closed system?	Kuhn
What concept does Kuhn use to explain this?	Scientific paradigms
What is a paradigm?	A shared set of assumptions
What does the paradigm tell scientists?	What reality is really like Defining problems Methods Equipments Likely research findings
Most of the time, scientists are engaged in _______ _______ within the paradigm	Normal science
Scientists who __________ the paradigm are likely to be ridiculed	Challenge
At what time is there an exception to this?	During periods of scientific revolution
INTERPRETIVISTS argue that scientific knowledge is ________ __________	Socially constructed
_______-______ argues that what scientists study in the lab is highly constructed and far removed from the natural world they are supposedly studying	Knorr-Cetina
What does Woolgar argue scientists have to persuade the scientific community to do?	Accept their interpretations of the world - a scientific fact is therefore simply a shared, social constructed interpretation
Who do Marxists and Feminists see science as serving the interests of?	Dominant groups ie. men and capitalists
In a marxist view, many scientific developments are driven by what?	Capitalisms seed for knowledge to make profit
Which perspective also rejects science's claims to have 'the truth'?	Postmodernists
Lyotard argues that science is a ____-_________	Meta-narrative
What is a meta-narrative?	A big story, an explanation for everything that happens in society
Some argue that science has become _____________, serving capitalist interests by producing commodities for profit	Technoscience
What does the term "ideology" refer to?	A belief system, worldview or set of ideas.
The term often includes ________ aspects	Negative
For example, beliefs that are false or are a ______ view of reality	Partial
Or beliefs that conceal the interests of a group or _______ inequalities	Legitmate
Or beliefs that prevent change by misleading people about their situation, or beliefs that are irrational and closed to _______	Criticism
Marxism sees society as divided into two opposed classes:	- capitalist ruling class - working class, who are forced to sell their labour
The capitalist class exploit workers labour to produce _____	Profit
It is in the workers interests to _________ capitalism by revolution and create a classless, communist society	Overthrow
However, revolution cannot occur until the working class become aware of their exploitation : _____ ____________	Class consciousness
What is hegemony?	Ideological leadership of society
How does ruling class hegemony prevent class consciousness?	By legitimating capitalism (justifying it)
Who believes that ultimately the working class will overthrow capitalism?	Gramsci
This will be led by a party of class conscious ________ __________	Organic intellectuals
Feminists see ______ ________ as legitimated by patriarchal ideology	Gender inequality
What do religious beliefs and practises often define women as?	Inferior
Give an example of this	Menstruating women regarded as unclean and excluded from rituals
Not all religious belief systems subordinate women. Give an example	Before the monotheistic patriarchal religions, MATRIARCHAL religions with female deities were common

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