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Frage	Antworten
behavioural measures	measures based on systematic observation of people’s actions, either in their normal environment or in a laboratory setting.
case study	a study design in which a psychologist, often a therapist, observes one person over a long period of time.
confounding variable	variable whose influence on the dependent variable cannot be separated from the independent variable being examined
control group	a group of research participants who are treated in exactly the same manner as the experimental group, except that they don't receive the independent variable or treatment.
correlation coefficient	a statistic that ranges from -1.0 to +1.0 and assesses the strength and direction of association between two variables. May or may not be direct or indirect depending on linearity.
correlation designs	studies that measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another; not designed to show causation.
debriefing	explanation of the purposes of a study following data collection.
dependent variable	in an experiment, the outcome or response to the experimental manipulation.
descriptive designs	study designs in which the researcher defines a problem and variable of interest but makes no prediction and does not control or manipulate anything
descriptive statistics	techniques that show what observations collected in research actually look like, by summarizing and describing data.
Double-blind studies	studies in which neither the participants nor the researchers administering the treatment know who has been assigned to the experimental or control group.
effect size	a measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables or the extent of an experimental effect.
ethics	the rules governing the conduct of a person or group in general or in a specific situation – or more simply, standards of right and wrong.
experiment	a research design that includes independent and dependent variables and random assignments of participants to control and experimental groups or conditions.
experimental group	a group consisting of those participants who will receive the treatment or whatever is predicated to change behavior.
Experimenter expectancy effects	result that occurs when the behavior of the participants is influenced by the experimenter’s knowledge of who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group.
frequency distribution	graph of the scores on a measure, arranged by the number of times each score was obtained.
hindsight bias	the tendency to overestimate our ability to predict an event, after the event outcome is known.
hypothesis	a specific, informed, and testable prediction of the outcome of a particular set of conditions in a research design.
independent variable	a property that is manipulated by the experimenter under controlled conditions to determine whether it causes the predicted outcome of an experiment.
inferential statistics	statistical tests calculated on sample data to make conclusions about populations.
mean	the arithmetic average of a series of numbers
median	score that separates the lower half of scores from the upper half.
meta-analysis	research technique for combining all research results on one question and drawing a conclusion.
mode	statistic that represents the most commonly occurring score or value.
multiple measurement	the use of several measures to acquire data on one aspect of behavior.
naturalistic observation	a study in which the researcher unobtrusively observes and records behavior in the real world.
operational definition	researchers’ specific descriptions of the way that variables are measured or manipulated.
participant expectancy effects	results that occur when the behavior of the participant is influenced by their knowledge of the experimental condition.
physiological measures	measures of bodily responses, such as blood pressure or heart rate, used to determine changes in psychological state.
placebo	a substance or treatment that appears identical to the actual treatment but lacks the active substance.
population	the entire group a researcher is interested in; for example, all humans, all adolescents, all boys, all girls, all college students.
pseudoscience	claims presented as scientific that are not supported by evidence obtained by the scientific method.
Quasi-experimental design	research method similar to an experimental design except that it makes use of naturally occurring groups rather than randomly assigning subjects to groups.
random assignment	the method used to assign participants to different research conditions so that all participants have the same chance of being in any specific group.
random sample	a type of sample in which every member of the population had an equal likelihood of being selected to participate in a study
range	the difference between the highest and lowest score in a sample.
reliability	consistency of measurement over repeated occasions.
replication	the repetition of a study to confirm the results; essential to the scientific process
representative sample	a research sample that accurately reflects the population of people one is studying.
research design	plans of action for how to conduct a scientific study
research ethics boards (REBs):	organizations that evaluation research proposals to make sure that research involving humans does not cause undue harm or distress.
samples	subsets of the population studied in a research project. Best subsets are random samples.
scatterplot	a graph depicting a correlation between two variables.
scientific method	the procedures by which scientists conduct research, consisting of five basic processes: observation, prediction, testing, interpretation, and communication.
self-fulfilling prophecy	a statement that affect events to cause the prediction to become true. For example, being told you will get fit, and when you work out you become fit, but you believe it was because of the prediction.
self-reports	written or oral accounts of a person’s thoughts, feelings, or actions.
significance level	The standard used to decide statistical significance. If someone is greatly above the average, we may say "it is significant".
single-blind studies	studies in which participants do not know the experimental condition (group) to which they have been assigned.
Social desirability bias	the tendency toward favorable self-presentation that could lead to inaccurate self-reports. ie. A patient may tell their DR they drink 8 glasses daily but in reality they only drink 3.
standard deviation	a statistical measure of how much the scores in a sample vary around the mean.
statistical significance	statistical statement about the likelihood that an obtained result occurred by chance.
statistics	collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of numerical data.
theory	a set of related assumptions from which scientists can make testable predictions
validity	the degree to which a test accurately measures what it aims to measure, and not something else.
variable	a characteristic that changes or “varies,” such as age, gender, weight, intelligence, anxiety, and extroversion.
Code of Ethics	published by the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA), includes -1. Informed consent -2. Respect for persons -3. Beneficence -4.Privacy & confidentiality -5. Justice
deception	participant deception should be avoided whenever possible but is sometimes useful. After a study all deceptive practices must be revealed and explained-debriefing.
Ethical Research with Animals	animal research must adhere to the guidelines established by the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC).
Nature-Nurture Pointer	Psychology used for explanations and methods that integrate the biological, cognitive, and social behaviors.
Behavioural measures: Pros & Cons	•Pros - less susceptible to social desirability bias -more objective measurments •Cons - people may modify behaviors -the studies are time-intensive

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