Fluids

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Bvms small animals (Fluid therapy) Karteikarten am Fluids, erstellt von buzzybea1 am 25/02/2014.
buzzybea1
Karteikarten von buzzybea1, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Frage Antworten
what are the three main electrolytes that extracellular fluids contain? sodium, chloride and bicarbonate
what are the three main electrolytes that intracellular fluids contain? potassium, phosphate and protein
whats a dogs and cats average osmolarity? dogs- 300 mOsm/l cats- 310 mOsm/l
what are the signs of a 5-6% dehydration? subtal loss of skin elasticity
what are the signs of 7-10% dehydration? Definite loss of skin elasticity Eyes possibly sunken in orbits Possibly dry mucous membranes
what are the signs of 10-12% dehydration? Tented skin stands in place Eyes sunken in orbit Dry mucous membranes
what are the signs of 12-15% dehydration? Tented skin stands in place Eyes sunken in orbit Dry mucous membranes signs of hypovolaemic shock progressing to collapse and death
What are the three main crystalloids? -(0.9%) isotonic saline -ringers -heartmans
What electrolytes does 0.9% saline contain? Na and Cl
What electrolytes do ringers contain? Na, potassium, chlorine and Ca
what electrolytes does heartmans contain? Na, K, Cl, Ca and lactate (it is also known as lactated ringers)
Why is heartmans not suitable for sever liver diseased animals? It contains lactate which is metabolised in the liver to bicarbonate
When is heart mans not suitable? -Sever liver disease (needed to convert lactate) -GI diseases with bile leakage into the stomach (the bicarbonate is alkalising) -During renal shock (questionable, due to potassium content???) -with blood products (causes clots) -head trauma cases
which animals is saline particularly good for? Addison's due to the Na:K
When is Saline not the best choice? with frusemide (concentrates the acidity) or in animals which potentially have an acidosis (i.e. most animals)
What techniques may be used to give fluids? -IV -SC -IO -orally
Why is 5% dextrose useless? it has next to no calories and its hypotonic
When should fluids NOT be given? in cardiogenic shock
what is the concentration of Na and K needed in maintenance fluids? Na- 40-60mmol/l k- 15-130mmol/l (this is contained in normal heartmans)
what are the signs of hypovolemic shock? Pale and tachy mm (unless septic then they would be brick red), reduced CRT, tachycardia (cats are often bradycardic), weak pulse, tachypnoea and decreased mentation
How is SIRS caused? Being hypovolemic for a period of time, which releases free radicles
what does SIRS stand for and what can it lead to? SIRS = systemic inflammatory response syndrome can causes Multi organ dysfunction MOD
If an animal is haemorrhaging at what point should fluids be given? either when the haemorrhaging has stopped or the BP reaches 60mm/Hg
What are the following rates when using crystalloids: a)maintenance b)shock rate for cats c)shock rate for dogs a) 50ml/kg/day b)80-90ml/kg/hour c)40-60ml/kg/hour
what are the following rates when using colloids: a)maintenance b)cat rate c)dog rate a)20ml/kg/day b)5-10ml/kg/hour c)5-20ml/kg/hour
what are the most common colloids available for use? pentastarch, tetrastarch, haemacel and 7.2% saline
whats the difference between pentastarch and haemacel? Pentastarch has larger molecules whilst haemacel has small molecules
what is the pros and cons of haemacel? pros-it rapidly expands the vascular volume and lower risk of clots forming than with the other colloids cons- it can cause anaphylaxis and 80% is lost over 24 hours
what are the pros of pentastarch? Pros- lasts along time (60% lost over 24 hours) Cons- takes time to expand, risk of coagulopathy (never exceed 20ml/kg/day)
when are colloids recommended? treatment of hypovolemic shock
what are the recommended drugs for hypovolemic shock? -colloids -broad spectrum bactericidal AB's -GI protectants -Vasopressors -Bicarb (NO STEROIDS!)
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