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| Frage | Antworten |
| Active Transport | the movement of substances against a concentration gradient and/or across a cell membrane, using energy from respiration |
| ADH (antidiuretic hormone) | the hormone which controls the selective reabsorption of water in the kidney |
| aerobic respiration | the process by which food molecules are broken down using oxygen to release energy for the cells |
| allele | a version of a particular gene |
| anaerobic respiration | cellular respiration in the absence of oxygen |
| asexual reproduction | reproduction which involves only one parent and produces offspring which are identical to their parents |
| Auxins | plant hormones which are involved in controlling the phototropisms |
| Carbohydrates | food group which includes the sugars and starches. important in providing energy |
| Cell | the basic unit of all living organisms |
| Cellular Respiration | Respiration which takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of the cell |
| Cellulose Cell Wall | The rigid cell wall which surrounds plant cells |
| Chlorophyll | the green pigment contained in the chloroplast which captures light energy from the sun |
| Chloroplasts | the plant organelles which contain chlorophyll. the site of photosynthesis |
| clone | offspring produced by asexual reproduction which are identical to their parent |
| codominance | two alleles which are both expressed in the phenotype of an organism |
| consumers | organisms that feed on other organisms |
| cytoplasm | the water-based gel in which the organelles of all living cells are suspended |
| decomposers | microorganisms that break down waste products and dead bodies |
| diastole | the stage of the cardiac cycle when the heart fills with blood |
| denatures | the breakdown of the structure of a protein molecule if the temperature gets too hot or if the pH changes |
| differentiate | the process by which unspecialised cells become specialised for a particular function |
| diffusion | the net movement of particles of a gas or a solute form from an area of high to an area of low concentration down a concentration gradient |
| diploid | having two sets of chromosomes in the nucleus: one from the male parent and the other form the female parent |
| disperse | the spreading of seeds away from the parent plant |
| dominant | a characteristic which will show up in the offspring even if only one of the alleles is inherited |
| double circulation | the separate circulation of the blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart then around the body |
| ecosystem | all of the animals and organisms living in an area and the things that affect them |
| egestion | the removal of undigested food from a cell or from the body in the from of faeces |
| endocrine glands | the glands which produce hormones and secrete them directly into the blood |
| enzyme | a protein molecule which acts as a biological catalyst, speeding up the rates of reaction without being being used up or affected |
| eutrophication | when a lake or river become enriched with nutrients. the microorganisms use up the O2 from the water so that the other organisms can no longer survive |
| fermentation | another form of anaerobic respiration which is particularly used for microorganisms such as yeast. glucose is partly broken into ethanol or lactic acid with the release of a small amount of energy |
| fertilisation | the joining of the haploid male and the haploid female gametes to forma new diploid individual |
| gametes | the haploid sex cells which contain only one set of chromosomes. |
| genetically modified (GM) organism | organisms that have DNA from a different species of a different individual inserted into their genome |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism concerning the alleles of a particular gene |
| global warming | an increase in the temperature at the surface of the earth due to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trapping infrared radiation from the surface |
| glycogen | the carbohydrate energy store found in the liver and muscles of animals. it can be converted back into glucose when energy is needed in the cells |
| greenhouse gases | gases such as CO2 and CH4 in the atmosphere which absorb infrared radiation from the earth's surface and radiate it back tot he surface |
| habitat | the place where an animal or plant lives, including both the living and non-living aspects of the area |
| haploid | having only one set of chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell |
| heterozygous | when two alleles for a particular gene on a pair of chromosomes are different |
| homozygous | when two alleles for a particular gene on a pair of chromosomes are the same |
| hormones | chemical messages which are secreted by endocrine glands and carried around the body in the blood to the organs they affect |
| hypothalamus | the part of the brain which regulates many body functions, like temperature, hunger, thirst and sleeping. it also controls the production of many hormones from the pituitary gland |
| invertebrates | animals which do not have a back bone |
| meiosis | a two stage process of cell division which reduces the number of chromosomes from the diploid parent cell to the haploid daughter cell. important in the formation of gametes |
| mitochondria | a cell organelle which is the site of aerobic respiration, so they produce most of the energy needed by the cell |
| mitosis | Asexual cell division, a single stage process which results in identical daughter cells |
| natural selection | the process by which evolution happens. organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support. only those who are best adapted to their environment will survive and pass on their characteristics |
| neurone | the basic unit of the nervous system, they are cells which carry minute electrical impulses around the body |
| nitrogen cycle | the continuous natural process by which nitrogen is exchanged between living organisms and the environment |
| nucleus | the organelle in the cell which contains the genetic material |
| organ | a group of different tissues working together to carry out a particular function in the body |
| organ system | a group of organs working together to carry out a particular function in the body |
| organelles | membrane-bound structures found in the cytoplasm of a cell which carry out particular functions in the cell |
| osmoregulation | the control and regulation of the levels of mineral ions in the cytoplasm of a cell or the blood of an organism |
| osmosis | the net movement of water down a concentration gradient from an area of high to low concentration of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane |
| phenotype | the physical characteristics of an organism with respect to one or more particular genes |
| photosynthesis | the process by which plants make food combining carbon dioxide and water to make glucose using light energy captured by chlorophyll |
| phototropism | the response of a plant through growth to light shining from one side only |
| plasmids | the extra circles of DNA containing extra genes found in bacteria and used by scientists in genetic engineering |
| population | a group of individuals of the same species living in the same habitat and breeding together |
| positive tropism | a tropism (movement by growth) in which the plant moves towards a stimulus |
| quadrat | a piece of equipment used to sample an area to investigate population size of plants or slow moving animals |
| recessive | a characteristic which shows up in the offspring when only both of the alleles are inherited |
| recombinant DNA | DNA which has had a section of DNA from another organism or species inserted into it |
| sex chromosomes | the chromosomes which determine the sex of the offspring. in humans it is XX for female and XY for male |
| sexual reproduction | reproduction which involves the joining of two special haploid sex cells or gametes to produce a diploid offspring which is genetically different from their parents |
| synapse | the gap between two neurones where the transmission of impulse is chemical rather than electrical. the transmission across the synapse depends on neurotransmitters |
| systole | the stage in the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and forces the blood around the body and to the lungs |
| transgenic | an organism which contains DNA from another organism |
| transpiration | the loss of water vapour from the surface of the leaves of plants. this occurs through the stomata when they are opened to allow the gaseous exchange needed for photosynthesis to take place |
| turgor | the state of a plant cell when water has moved in by osmosis so that the cytoplasm is pressing hard against the cellulose cell wall and no more water can enter the cell |
| umbilical cord | the structure that connects a foetus to the placenta. food and oxygen travel from the mother to the developing foetus through the umbilical cord, and waste products like carbon dioxide and urea pass out in the other direction |
| vaccination | giving a dose of a weakened or dead pathogen ( a vaccine) to stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies and develop immunity to a disease |
| xylem | the transport tissue in plants which carries water and mineral ions up from the root through the stems to the leaves |
| zygote | the new diploid individual formed when the haploid male and female gametes meet and fuse in sexual reproduction |
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