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| Frage | Antworten |
| How many immigrants were lying in Britain by 1945? Who were they? | 5 types: > American GI's (general issues) > African American GI's > Commonwealth troops >Prisoners of war (POW) > Poles |
| When did American GI's migrate to Britain, and how many were there? | From 1942, 3 million American soldiers arrived in Britain |
| Where did the American GI's mostly stay? | In the country sides. |
| Describe the character of the American GI's | Friendly and open people. Got on well with locals. Well paid and confident British liked Black soldiers more than white because white soldiers were more confident (especially around women) |
| What religion was mostly followed in Britain up to 1939? | Christian Protestant. Small minority of other groups |
| Was there a segregation between White and Black Americans when they came to Britain? Describe how there was a segregation. | Yes. There was still separate mall days and cinema days etc for the Americans. White women served white soldiers and black women served black soldiers. |
| Did the British treat the African American GIs and the American GIs differently? | No. For the first time, the Black Americans felt normal and equal to the White British (not Americans) |
| How did British women settle down in America? | By marrying the American soldiers and moving out with them. |
| Name 5 commonwealth troops that arrived in Britain | > Canadians > Australians > New Zealanders > Indians > West Indians |
| Were commonwealth troops welcomed in Britain? | Yes |
| Where were the biggest groups of the Prisoners of War from? | Italy and Germany captured in Africa |
| Which year was there an increase of prisoners of war? | 1945 onwards |
| How many facilities in the UK were housing these prisoners? | 1, 500 |
| Where did the majority of the prisoners work? | Agriculture and had a range of educational classes |
| Describe the experiences of the prisoners of war at Britain | They enjoyed it as they were treated well. Given same rations as British and some money - looked after Some complaints of food. Remained in Britain after the war |
| When was Poland invaded? Who invaded Poland? | In 1935 by Germany and the USSR (Some escaped) |
| How many Poles served in the RAF? | 14,000 |
| How many Poles remained in Britain after the war? Why? | 120, 000 remained as they didn't want to go back to a communist Poland |
| How did Winston Churchill help the Poles? | Gave them work and working camps - paid them due to a shortage of workers who were needed to help rebuild Britain. |
| Did the Poles face any discrimination during their time at Britain? | Yes, (mainly by the locals) |
| When did the Irish come to Britain? How many? | Between 1945 and 1960, over 350, 00 Irish arrived. |
| When did the Eastern Europeans arrive in Britain? | Between 1945 and 1950 |
| When did the Caribbean's arrive in Britain? | 1940's +. Mainly students |
| When did West Indians arrive in Britain? | 1960's |
| Which group were a key territory in the British Empire since the 1750's? | The Indians |
| After the 19th Century, where were the Indians transferred to? | Africa |
| Why did the British transfer the Indians to Africa? | To work. |
| In the 1960's and 1970's why were many Asians fleeing to Britain? | Because of Uganda and Kenya |
| How many were East Africans in Britain by 1970? | Around 70,000 |
| Name a few (6) pull factors to Britain | - Work - Adventure - Admired Britain - Had been taught British History & literature - Felt they knew Britain ^ - Impressed by British achievements - Adverts - made it look easy - Better wages - Felt they were coming to help the mother country in its time of need - New opportunities - Experience of other immigrants |
| Name a few (4) push factors of their country | - Gambling debt - Natural disasters - Poor standard of living (wages/house care) - Persecution and Refugees |
| When was the first wave of immigration? | WWII |
| When was the 2nd wave of immigration? | When war was over to rebuild Britain, NHS and transport systems |
| Who were included in the 3rd wave of immigration? | Asian People, Indian & Pakistanis |
| What was special about 'SS Empire Windrush'? | A steamship that carried the 1st group of Carribean migrants to Britain. It was also the first ship that was met by newsreel cameras and small crowds waving 'Go home' cards and most of them welcomed them |
| When did 'SS Empire Windrush' arrive in Britain? | 1948 |
| Why did a few MP's dislike the idea of bringing in migrants to Britain? | Feared that Britain would be overcrowded with them |
| Why were immigrants brought to Britain? (apart from work) | Many of them were ex-servicemen who fought for Britain during WWII. This was their way of thanking them. |
| Were immigrants hardworking people? | Yes |
| From 1949 - 1950's fewer people from the Carribean arrived in Britain. Why? | The USA put restrictions on immigration which reduced opportunities for workers (1952) |
| What did Britain do in response to the USA's restrictions on immigration? | In 1956, London transport paid for migrants boat fare as long as they pay back gradually |
| Was having a family member in Britain something to be proud about? | Yes |
| Why did East Africans migrate to Britain? | 1967: President Kenyatta of Kenya gave all Kenyan Asians to become Kenyan citizens or leave 1972: - President of Uganda (Idi Amin) forced Asians to leave the country |
| Did East Africans face any economic hardship? Why? | No, they were highly educated and skilled businessmen so when they arrived, it wasn't hard to find jobs. |
| Did East Africans have any intention of leaving home? | No - they were expelled from Africa |
| How did East Africans feel that they had links with Britain? | Learned British History, knew English. Their own country & cultures felt foreign to them. Felt that they knew Britain more than their own country |
| Why did Carribean arrive in Britain? | Poor living standards in Jamaica (health care, wages, educ., housing) 1940's: Sugar trade collapsed and in 1944 there was a hurricane that disrupted Jamaica |
| Did Carribean's face any persecution at all? | Met by 'Go home' signs but no serious persecution. |
| Why did most Carribean's arrive in Britain for adventure? | Jamaica felt boring in comparison to Britain which looked attractive and a place of opportunities - sports, excitement |
| Did Carribean's intend to return home? | Yes, however, they enjoyed it and felt welcomed so they brought their families here for a better lifestyle |
| Which links with Britain did Carribean's have? | Everyone supported each other Similarity - felt loyalty to Britain British nationality encouraged them More people arrived as they had contacts with immigrants so they could get housing and jobs |
| Why did Indians arrive in Britain? | Economic hardship Poor lifestyle (slums, edu.) Lack of opportunities |
| Did Indians face any persecution or disruption? | 1947: violence and disruption in borderlands between Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India. Peace appealed to Sikhs - came to Britain to escape it |
| How did economic opportunity appeal to Indians? | Job opportunities Eager and hardworking Took up door to door sales Unwanted jobs Filled labour shortages too (NHS, transport) Textile, metal industries started |
| Did Indians intend to return home? | Brought their families. Planned on returning, however, they decided to settle. --more immigrants |
| What were Indians links with Britain and what support did they receive? | Felt as though they knew Britain - (History) Felt connected Made their own communities -- where there were other Indian immigrants |
| As the number of immigrants in Britain grew, what did they face? | Treated more badly, unwelcomed when they arrived |
| How did immigrants find Britain as they arrived? | Depressing (weather, cold) |
| What were immigrants accused of? | Staying in Britain for its free benefit system |
| What did transport workers do in Bristol in 1955? Why? | They went on strike to increase no. of coloured workers |
| In 1958, what did the trade unions want to do? | Wanted to call an end to immigration workers entering the country |
| Many immigrants were over-qualified for their jobs. Why? Which group in particular? | Worked in low positions - especially East Africans who were highly educated and previous businessmen in Kenya |
| In the late 1950's who campaigned to keep Britain white? | Right wing activists |
| Who set up the organisation called the 'Union movement' and when? | Fascist leader Oswald Mosley. He put up anti - immigrant posters/leaflets. Late 1950s |
| What were the experiences of Jamaicans in Britain generally (negative)? | Jobs not given - colour bar. Felt uncomfortable talking to them. Unfair treatment. Felt as an intruder - unwelcomed, no companionship - lonely. People in same situation stuck together |
| What were the experiences of Jamaicans in regards to finding homes? | Blacks wouldn't be allowed to mix with Whites. Excuses to not let them in their lodgings. Signs for no coloured people. Poor, unexpensive, unwanted housing given - smelly, overcrowded |
| What were the experiences of Jamaicans in regards to finding jobs? | Reluctance for people to work with them. Thought of as slow and bad tempered ppl. Prejudiced, racial disc. Colour bars Didn't feel welcome at pubs & churches - would gather at Black person's house and drink REMEMBER: Not all ppl were unwelcoming towards them. Diff ppl = diff exp. |
| What were the positive experiences that Ugandans faced? | Welcomed and wanted. Part of the community. Cold - not used to climate Churches told British to donate clothes to them Coloured ppl generally more welcoming to coloured ppl and they also felt more sympathy to them |
| What were the negative experiences that Ugandans faced? | Protests to stop immigration White ppl felt that they were taking their jobs. Racial discrimination Skilled ppl worked at unskilled jobs e.g. Asian doc would work as a factory worker/shop (To all immigrants: common to use derogatory words - even reporters used it) |
| Where did most Asians settle? | Yorkshire, Lancashire, Birmingham, etc |
| In 1971, how many people of Bradford were Pakistanis? | 10% |
| Although Carribean's and Asians faced the same experiences, what were the differences between them? (detail!!) | 1) Asians had low expectations of Britain (failed marriages, drunkards), whilst Carribean's regarded themselves as British 2) Language; C spoke English whilst A didn't and didn't learn it 3) A married from their own race and kept links to their culture/country 4) Kept to themselves like British (less abuse) 5) Many owned shops/restaurants - didn't face discrimination from colleagues but did from customers 6) Success of migrants in business, many still poor |
| Why did British like West Indians better than Indians | Could speak English better. |
| By 1958, approximately how many immigrants were living in Britain? | Over 200,000 |
| Why were there hardly any immigrants living in rural Britain? | Economic downturn = fewer jobs (White ppl blamed them for taking it up) Gang culture growing among the youths |
| What was the name of the gang culture that was growing among the youths? | Teddy boys |
| Which of these occured first: Nottinghill incident Nottingham incident | Nottingham incident |
| When did the Nottingham incident occur? | 23rd August 1958 |
| Describe what happened in the Nottingham incident | Black ppl felt unsafe walking around the streets A black minor was beaten up when coming out of the cinema with his wife 23rd Aug 1958: fight broke out between black and white ppl in St Ann Well Road area |
| What was the response to the Nottingham incident? | The MPs for Nottingham called for an end to immigration |
| When did the Nottinghill incident occur? | 30th August 1958 |
| Describe what happened in the Nottinghill incident? | Largest West Indian communities 30 August 1958: 400 teddy boy gangs & other white youths attacked black ppl and their property with petrol bombs for 2 nights. (altogether it took place for 3 nights). Few white ppl protected the Blacks at this incident |
| Did they receive any police protection? Link it to the response given | Received no police protection. On the 3rd night, they fought back, then the police got involved. They took sides with the white ppl. Said they had to protect themselves and the only way to stop was to go back to where they came from |
| Describe what happened in 1959? | Kelso Cochrane, a carpenter stabbed to death in Nottinghill by 6 white youths, who never got arrested - accused of not doing enough. 1200 ppl showed up at his funeral to show their anger and sorrow. |
| What were the effects of these incidents? | Immigration was a national political issue and heated debates took place. Many people aware that racism needed tackling - better relationships between Blacks and Whites Police not trusted (espec. by Blacks) |
| What was the political response? | Many laws passed due to this (refer to timeline flashcards) |
| How did the government start to discourage immigrants from entering Britain? (1950s/60s) | Warning them that food is bad and weather is cold |
| When did Enoch Powell make his speech? | 20th April 1968 |
| What was Enoch Powell's speech called? | 'River of Blood' speech |
| Describe Enoch Powell's speech? | Made a speech to conservative party workers in Birmingham against immigration. Thought Black ppl will soon overpower the British and kill them all. [Powell bought in 18,000 docs for NHS (later on)] |
| What happened to Powell after the speech? | He was sacked |
| What did the Labour Party do after Powell was sacked? | They passed the Race Relations Act 1968 |
| How did Powell's speech impact the people? | An increase in protests and strikes. 88% rose in support of Powell Fear of Powell. Wanted to prevent racial problems. Did not want immigrants = fewer jobs, housing... Academic students did not support him and did not let him talk when making speech |
| What did immigrants contribute to Britain by 1970s? | - Public services: transports, NHS, police... - Economy: businesses, factory, unwanted.. - Culture: clothing, lang, sports players - Religion: masjids, temples, festivals Music: raps, bollywood, jazz, carnivals (Nottingham/hill) |
| Who bought ice-cream parlours and coffee bars to Britain? | Italians |
| Who bought restaurant trades into Britain? | Chinese and Indians |
| When was there a first black newsreader? | 1973 |
| When were there black football players for the 1st time? | 1970s |
| Who was Sybil Phoenix? Describe what she contributed to Britain | Arrived from Guyana in 1956. Determined to help other orphans (she was one). Became a foster parent & gave home to 100+ children. 1st job - canteen cook in NHS. 1971: awarded MBE medal of Brtish emp. |
| Who was Sir Anwar Parez and what did he contribute to Britain? | From Pakistan 1956. Drove buses in Bradford. Saved enough to open a convenience store in London. Started a Bestway chain all over the country. 1999 - he was knighted |
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