C1 revision

Frage	Antworten
What are the relatve charges of each particle?	Proton +1 Neutron 0 electron -1
What is the atomic number and mass number of an element?	The number of protons in an atom of an element is its atomic number. The sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom is its mass number.
What is group 8/0 called and what makes them special and why?	Group 8/0 is the noble gases. They are special because they are unreatice as they have a stable arrangement of electrons
No atoms are lost or made during a chemical reaction so the mass of the __________ equals the mass of the __________.	No atoms are lost or made during a chemical reaction so the mass of the products equals the mass of the reactants.
How can calcium oxide and carbon dioxide be obtained from calcium carbonate?	Thermal decomposition
What is the word and symbol equation for the reaction between Calcium oxide and water.	Calcium oxide + water -----> calcium hydroxide CaO + H2O ------> Ca(OH)2
What can the product of the reaction between Calcium oxide and water be used for?	To neutalise acids as it's an alkali.
What colour does limewater go in the pressence of carbon dioxide?	Colourless.
How can calcium hydroxide be reacted to form calcium carbonate?	A solution of calcium hydroxide in water (limewater) reacts with carbon dioxide to produce calcium carbonate.
How is cement, mortar and concrete made?	Limestone is heated with clay to make cement. Cement is mixed with sand to make mortar and with sand and aggregate to make concrete.
What is the term used that ores have to be, to be extracted	Economically viable.
What may happens to ores before they are extracted and purified?	They maybe purified.
Name a metal that is found in the earth as itself.	Gold.
How are metals less reactive than carbon extracted?	Reduction with carbon.
How are metals more reactive than carbon extracted?	Electrolysis.
Why are metals that are more reactive then carbon expensive.	They require a lot of energy to extract.
How can copper be extracted?	Smelting rich ores, then electrolysis for purification.
What is the problem with copper-rich ores?	They are limited.
What are the two new ways of extracting low-grade ores?	Phytomining and bioleaching.
Why are new ways of extracting metals being researched?	To limit the enviromental impact of traditional mining.
How does phytomining work?	Phytomining uses plants to absorb metal compounds and then the plants are burned to produce ash that contains the metal compounds
How does bioleaching work?	Bioleaching uses bacteria to produce leachate solutions that contain metal compounds.
How can copper be extracted from copper salts.	Electrolysis or displacement using scrap iron.
Why can't aluminium be extracted from their oxides using reduction from carbon.	They are too reactive and so would need a lot of stages in the process and large amounts of energy.
Why should we recycle metals?	Extracting them uses limited resources and is expensive in terms of energy and effects on the enviroment.
What percentage is iron from a blast furnace?	96%
Why does iron from a blast furnace have little uses.	It is brittle from the impurities.
What is steel an alloy of?	Iron and carbon.
What are the three types of steel and their uses?	Low-carbon steels are easily shaped, high-carbon steels are hard, and stainless steels are resistant to corrosion.
Why are most metals in everyday use alloys?	Some of them e.g. pure copper, gold, iron and aluminium are too soft for many uses and so are mixed with small amounts of similar metals to make them harder for everyday use.
What are elemnts in the central block of the periodic table called?	Transition elements.
What are properties of metals	They are good conductors of heat and electricity and can be bent or hammered into shape.
What is the usefulness of metal properties?	They are useful as structural materials and for making things that must allow heat or electricity to pass through them easily.
What properties does copper have that make it useful for wiring and plumbing.	■ It is a good conductor of electricity and heat ■ It can be bent but is hard enough to be used to make pipes or tanks ■ It does not react with water.
What are two useful properties of aluminium and titanium?	They have a low density and resistant to corrosion
What is crude oil?	A mixutre of a very large number of compunds
What is a mixture?	A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together. The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are unchanged. It is possible to separate the substances in a mixture by physical methods including distillation.
What do most of the compounds in crude oil consist of?	Hydrocarbons.
What are saturated hydrocarbons called?	Alkanes.
What is the general formula for alkanes?	Cn H2n+2.
What are the two way that ethane can be represented?	■ C2H6 H H I I ■ H –– C –– C –– H I I H H
What is the process of seperating crude oil called?	Fractional distillation.
What does the process of seperating crude oil involve?	Evaporating the oil and allowing it to condense at a number of different temperatures (fractions)
What effects some of the properties of hydrocarbons?	Size
What does viscosity mean?	How thick and sticky a liquid is.
Why are hydrocarbons?	Compounds containing hydrogen and carbon only.
What may be released by burning hydrocarbon based fuels?	carbon dioxide, water (vapour), carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen. Solid particles (particulates) may also be released.
When are the oxides of nitrogen formed?	High temperatures.
What happens to the carbon and hydrogen during combustion?	They are oxidised
What causes acid rain?	Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen
What causes global warming?	Carbon dioxide.
What causes global dimming?	Solid particles(possibly containing soot and unburnt fuels).
Sulfur can be _____________ from fuels.	Removed
What are biofuels produced from?	plant material
What are the ethical issues of using biofuels?	Crops that could be used to feed people are used to provide the raw materials for biofuels instead. This could cause food shortages or increases in the price of food.
What are the enviromental issues of using biofuels?	Although they are supposed to be carbon neutral, they aren't as fossil fuels are used in their production however they do produce less carbon than fossil fuels.
What is involved in the cracking of hydrocarbons?	Heating the hydrocarbons to vaporise them. The vapours are either passed over a hot catalyst or mixed with steam and heated to a very high temperature so that thermal decomposition reactions then occur.
What are unsaturated hydrocarbons called?	Alkenes
What the general formula for Alkenes?	CnH2n
What are the two ways that propene can be represented	■ C3H6 H H H l I I ■ H –– C –– C == C l I H H
What turns bromine water colourless?	Alkenes
What can be used to make polymers?	Alkenes.
What do monomers form?	Polymers.
How do you show Monomers turning into polymers	Image: Capture12 (image/png)
Give 5 examples of uses of polymers.	New packaging materials, waterproof coatings for fabrics, dental polymers, wound dressings, hydrogels, smart materials (including shape memory polymers).
What is the problem with polymers	Many polymers are not biodegradable, so they are not broken down by microbes and this can lead to problems with waste disposal.
What are some new plastic bags being made from?	Polymers andcornstarch
How can ethanol be produced by hydration?	ethenewith steam in the presence of a catalyst.
How can ethanol be made using fermentation with yeast?	sugar------> carbon dioxide + ethanol
How is oil removed from plant material?	The plant material is crushed and the oil removed by pressing or in some cases by distillation. Water and other impurities are removed.
Why are vegetable oils important foods and fuels?	They provide a lot of energy. They also provide us with nutrients.
What is the result of using oils to cook?	quicker cooking and different flavours but increases the energy that the food releases when it is eaten.
Give three advantages of emulsifiers.	Better texture, coating ability and appearance.
What are the two parts of an emulsifier?	A hydrophobic tail and a Hydrophilic head.
What do unsaturated vegetable oils contain?	carbon-carbon double bonds
What is the test for carbon-carbon double bonds and what is the result?	bromine water goes from orange to colourless
How can vegetable oils be hardened?	Reacting them with hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst at about 60 °C.
What happens to the hydrogen in the hardening in vegatable oils?	Hydrogen adds to the carbon–carbon double bonds.
What are the advantages of hardened vegetable oils?	The hydrogenated oils have higher melting points so they are solids at room temperature, making them useful as spreads and in cakes and pastries.
What are the 3 layers in the earth?	Core, mantle and crust.
What is earth surronded by?	The atmosphere
What is the upper part of the mantle and the crust split up into?	tectonic plates
What causes the tectonic plates to move?	Convection currents within the Earth’s mantle driven by heat released by natural radioactive processes cause the plates to move
What can occur at plate boundaries?	Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
What is the distribution of nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere?	About 80% nitrogen and 20% oxygen
Name 3 other things that are in the atmosphere?	small proportions of carbon dioxide, water vapour and noble gases.
What released the gases that formed the early atmosphere?	Intense volcanic activity
What condensed that formed the oceans?	Water vapour.
What is one of the theories of the earths early atmosphere?	The Earth’s atmosphere was mainly carbon dioxide and there would have been little or no oxygen gas. There may also have been water vapour and small proportions of methane and ammonia.
Who did the experiment using gases from the early atmosphere to test if organic compound could form?	Miller and Urey
What is primordial soup theory?	Early Earth had a chemically reducing atmosphere. This atmosphere, exposed to energy in various forms, produced simple organic compounds ("monomers"). These compounds accumulated in a "soup", which may have been concentrated at various locations (shorelines, oceanic vents etc.). By further transformation, more complex organic polymers – and ultimately life – developed in the soup.
what produced the oxygen in the atmosphere?	Plants and algae.
What did most of the carbon dioxide get locked up in?	Sedimentary rocks as carbonates and fossil fuels.
How did limestone form?	limestone was formed from the shells and skeletons of marine organisms.
What do fossil fuels contain?	Carbon and hydrocarbons that are the remains of plants and animals.
The oceans also act as a reservoir for carbon dioxide but increased amounts of carbon dioxide absorbed by the oceans has an impact on what?	marine enviroment.
What does burning fossil fuels do to the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?	increases it.
Why would you fractionally distil air?	To provide a source of raw materials used in a variety of industrial processes.

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