The Behavioural and Welfare Needs of Aquatic Species

Frage	Antworten
Health and Welfare	Further studies required to determine presence/absence of abnormal behaviour Zoological Info Management Systems UK Fish & Aquatic Invertebrate Taxonomic Advisory Group
Animal Management	Clarification of marine/freshwater species from approved certified sustainable sources Acquisitions from captive bred stocks/sustainable stock from wild with Marine Aquarium Council (MAC) certification
Animal Management 2	Disposal of surplus animals must be legal & comply with laws Release to wild should not be used as a method of disposal All release programmes should comply with IUCN guidelines Touch pools should be supervised
Conservation 34 aquariums in EU kept 2,344 species in 2004 199 species in breeding programmes	FAITAG has 30+ participants, from non-BIAZA collections EAZA ShellShock campaign hosted a life-sized inflatable turtle UK community involved in reintro projects for Mexican live bearing fishes
Education	Education strategies can combine formal teaching programmes as well as informal programmes targeted at visitors Displaying natural history film footage Employ staff to explain interesting stories
Aquatic species First aquarium was opened at London Zoo in 1853	Range from highly developed mammals to lower invertebrates Very different anatomy, physiology and behaviour Evolution dates back 450 million years 28,500 species exist
Is the welfare of aquatic species important?	Yes Moral and ethical duty to them as have removed them from their environment However, there is very little info on welfare of aquatic species
Sentience The conscious awareness of the animal to favourable of adverse conditions	A precondition for welfare concerns Assume: not like us=don't feel like us=low sentience Animal Welfare act 2006 covers fish but not invertebrates
The Aquatic Animal Health (England and Wales) Regulations 2009	This only applies to Aquaculture (farming of fish)
Fish Welfare	Little known about welfare, or capacity for suffering Though current evidence suggests fish have capacity for pain perception and suffering Therefore steps must be taken to ensure welfare of fish
Fact or Fiction?	Scientists found fish trained to respond to certain sounds in captivity still reacted months later in the wild http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1106884/Three-second-memory-myth-Fish-remember-months.html
Fact or Fiction?	Goldfish have been found to have three month memory, and can tell time (by pushing lever for food at same time of day)
Dolphins in Captivity	Can suffer psychological problems linked to being captured and confined http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/7263571/Dolphins-can-be-traumatised-by-swimming-with-people.html
Orcas in Captivity Currently 42 in captivity in USA, Canada, Japan & France 136 taken from wild since 1961 120 now dead	Average captive lifespan=6.5y, max 20 Wild lifespan=up to 80y Constantly pool circling, dorsal fin droops Normally housed in too small pools
Sea Lions in Captivity	Performance provides enrichment & health checks Breed well & similar lifespan to wild Obesity is an issue Stereotypical behaviours
Aquariums Under legislation for Zoo Licensing Act 1981 & EC Zoos Directive 1999 Also have to meet SSSMZP	This requires high husbandry standards, engagement in conservation/education, and conduction of research Lot of scrutiny from animal rights
Stereotypical behaviour in fish	Little info - BIAZA recommends research Surface breaking in Rays - due to incorrect feeding Skin wounds occur naturally due to mating - not welfare issue
Stereotypical behaviours 2	Constantly/repeatedly swimming from between places Decreased behaviours, eg. shoaling, swimming, feeding Increased aggression Signs of stress - gasping Increased mortality/morbidity
Stocking densities Should allow fish to show most normal behaviour and avoid having to show abnormal behaviour	Some fish prefer high density, others don't Combined with too much/little water flow welfare much worse Damaged fins, fin chewing, contact with fish
Feeding methods	Huge competition Done in a way that reduces competition/aggression Feed evenly & widely Provide adequate amounts Incorrect feeding leads to stress
Catching fish	Poor welfare when fish hooked, removed from water, handled or kept in keep net Lifting fish out of water has been proven to cause acute stress Minimum handling
Environment and water conditions	Temp, salinity, pH, dissolved O2, organic/inorganic substances, light Conditions outside preference: stress, distress, impaired health, mortality
Exhibit Design	Size & shape of tank must consider behaviour of species Water quality, flow rates, lighting and life support systems must be designed to provide appropriate environment Theme, substrate, planting
Diving Experience Exhibits	Appendix 6 of SSSMZP Divers must be briefed on what and what not to do Areas off limits for refuse Diving kept to minimum
Education	Promote public education & awareness in relation to conservation of biodiversity Provide info on species & natural habitat Written education strategy

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The Behavioural and Welfare Needs of Aquatic Species

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