Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology

Beschreibung

Linguistics (Introduction to English Linguistics) Karteikarten am Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology , erstellt von Pauli Ketchum am 10/07/2017.
Pauli Ketchum
Karteikarten von Pauli Ketchum, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
Pauli Ketchum
Erstellt von Pauli Ketchum vor etwa 7 Jahre
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

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Phonetics: definition - investigation of actual human speech sounds - about: phones - production, desription, classification and transcription of sounds
Phonology: definition - investigation of sounds is a language - about: phonemes - range, function and meaning of sounds
Phone: definition - smallest segmentable unit of sound - parole (actual physical output) - obervable, concrete - universal
Phoneme: definition - smallest meaning-distinguishing unit of sound - langue (language system) - functional, abstract - language specific
3 Branches of Phonetics - Articulatory (production of speech sounds) (!) - acoustic (Transmission of speech sounds) - auditory (Perception of speech sounds)
How are sounds produced (+glottis)? - pulmonic air streams through trachea and is phonated in larynx. - glottis open --> v.l. sounds - vocal chords vibrating --> v. sounds - glottis closed completely --> glottal stop - glottis almost closed ---> whisper
IPA: importance rules standards - consistent, language-unspecific way (large discrepancy btw. pronunciation and spelling) - spelling: <>, phoneme //, phone [] - RP (Received Pronunciation) + GA (General American)
Human speech organs (backside) alveolar ridge hard palate velum (soft palate) uvula epiglottis glottis
HUman speech organs (front side) tip of the tongue blade of the tongue front of the tongue back of the tongue
Two kinds of articulators active articulators - can be moved - teeth, lips, tongue, lower jaw passive articulators - provide points of reference - alveolar ridge, palate
8 Places of articulation - bilabial -labiodental - dental -alveolar - palato-alveolar - palatal - velar - glottal
5 manners of articulation Plosive Fricative Affricate Nasal Approximant
Plosives (how?) - Complete closure of oral tract, velum raised to prevent air from escaping through nose - build-up of pressure - release
Fricatives (how?) airflow obstructed, air escapes through friction - sibilants: hissing, hushing sounds
Affricate (how?) + which Mixture of plosive and fricative - tsh (palato-alveolar, vl.) -dsch (palato-alveolar, v.
Nasal (how?) + which Airflow obstructed, velum lowered, escapes through nose - n (alveolar, v.) - m (bilabial, v.) - ng (velar, v.)
Approximant (how?) + which airflow barely obstructed - l (alveolar, v.) - r (alveolar, v.) - w (bilabial, v.) - j (palatal, v.)
Plosives (which?) - k (velar, vl.) g (v) - p (bilabial, vl.) b (v) - t (alveolar, vl.) d(v)
Fricatives (which) - f (labiodental, vl.) v (v.) - th (dental, vl.) th(v.) - s (alveolar, vl.) z (voiced) - sh (palato-alveolar, vl.) sch (v.) - h (glottal, vl.)
Classification of English vowels (5) - Position of velum (oral, nasal, nasalized) - lip rounding (round, spread - tongue raising (front, central, back) - height of tongue (close, close-mid, open-mid, open) - monophthong vs. diphthong
Cardinal Vowel Diagram (draw it!)
Allophones - different realizations of the same phoneme - can be predictable (Complementary Distribution) (clear and dark l) - or Free variation
Minimal pairs - meaningly only distinguished by one phoneme --> more than 2: minimal set
Connected Speech (Word boundaries) - Linking /w/ (You and me), /j/ (He and I), and /r/ (better and faster) - Intrusive /r/ (India and Pakistan) - Liaison vs. glottal stops in German
Connected speech ("sloppy") - Reduced forms (unstressed syllables, or dropping = elision) - Assimilation -- regressive = anticipatory (goob pen) -- progressive (it's) --coalescence (didshu (did you))
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