The Anatomy and Lymphatic Drainage of the Breast

Frage	Antworten
How does the base (attached surface of the breast extend) vertically and transversally?	Vertically from ribs 2~6 Transversally from sternum into axilla laterally
What is the lateral extension of the base of the breast?	axillary process or tail (Tail of Spence)
Where is the nipple of the breast located?	4th intercostal space
What types of tissues are found in the breast and associated skin?	glandular tissue (mammary glands) adipose tissue (fat) connective tissue septa
Where do the ducts of the glandular tissue open and lie?	open on the nipple, which lies at the center of the pigmented region (areola)
The pigmented region of the breast is called?	areola
What marks the openings of sebaceous glands (areolar glands) on the surface of the areola?	numerous small protuberances
How many lobes of glandular tissue are in each lactiferous duct?	10-20 individual lobes
What surrounds the glands and lactiferous ducts and are also rich in blood supply and innervation?	firm fibro-fatty tissues
What dilated segment opens on the nipple by the lactiferous duct?	lactiferous sinus
What specific muscles do the breasts lie on?	deep fascia of the pectoralis major and serratus anterior
What is the retromammary space?	A layer of loose connective tissue that separates the breast from underlying deep fascia and allows movement
Breast tumors that invade this space and attach to the underlying muscle(s), causing the breast to deviate in another direction, can indicate a more advanced carcinoma.	retromammary space
What are suspensory ligaments, or ligaments of Cooper?	overlying dermis of dense connective tissue septa where mammary glands firmly attach
What are the three sources of neurovascular supply to the breast?	Medial mammary branches from the internal thoracic artery (a branch of the subclavian) Lateral thoracic and thoracoacromial branches from the axillary artery Posterior intercostal arteries from the aorta
Where do veins draining the breast drain into?	the axillary, internal thoracic, and intercostal veins
Where do ~75% of lymph vessels drain laterally and superiorly into?	axillary nodes within the axilla
Where does ~25% of lymph flow from the medial portion of the breast?	flows into the parasternal lymph nodes or to the opposite breast (contralateral breast)
Where does lymph from the inferior portions of the breast drain?	subdiaphragmatic or abdominal nodes
What are the 5 groups that 20-30 axillary lymph nodes are divided into?	1. Pectoral (anterior) nodes 2. Humeral (lateral) nodes 3. Subscapular (posterior) nodes 4. Central nodes 5. Apical nodes
Where does lymph from the apical nodes flow to empty into the venous system?	into the right lymphatic duct (right side) or thoracic duct (left side)
What is the function of the pectoral (anterior) nodes?	receive MAJORITY of lymph from breast tissue
What is the function of the humeral (lateral) nodes?	receive majority of lymph from upper limb
What is the function of the subscapular (posterior) nodes?	receive lymph from the back and shoulder
Where are the central nodes located?	embedded with the axillary fat (first goes into pectoral)
What is the function of the apical nodes?	receive lymph from ALL other axillary groups
Tumor growth can block small superficial lymphatic channels resulting in these two complications.	edema (excess subcutaneous fluid) & prominent hypertrophic (thickened) skin changes
What is the name of a prominent hypertrophic (thickened) skin changes that produces an orange-peel appearance?	peau d'orange
What results in tumor growth pulling on and contracting the connective tissue ligaments (suspensory) of the breast?	deviation of the nipple and dimpling of the breast tissue
What is an uncommon, yet severe, complication of a mastectomy?	damage to the long thoracic nerve due to its medial position within the axilla
After damage to the long thoracic nerve due to a mastectomy, what results?	paralysis or paresis of the serratus anterior muscle producing a “winged-scapula”
Due to interruption of the lymphatic vessels/nodes within the axilla, mastectomy procedures often produce what? What condition does it lead to?	Produce chronic lymph leading to edema in the associated limb
The internal thoracic artery is a branch of what major artery?	Subclavian Artery
Lymph, derived from the apical node, from the right breast goes into the ___ ____ ____ .	right lymphatic duct
Lymph, derived from the apical node, from the left breast goes into the ___ ____ ____.	left thoracic duct
What is the path of lymph drainage and a path that is often checked to see if cancer has occurred?	pectoral --> apical --> central --> venous sytem
What is a common post-mastectomy plan of action to avoid issues of lymph draining?	wearing tight sleeves/compression garments on a particular side because lymph can't get out

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The Anatomy and Lymphatic Drainage of the Breast

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	Erstellt von Kristina Redd vor mehr als 7 Jahre