10610979
Description
Flashcards by Agasana Viengmany, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Agasana Viengmany
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Heart is located in a space called the... | The mediastinum is an area in the chest (thoracic) cavity between the lungs; it primarily contains the trachea, esophagus, and the heart and the large vessels of the heart |
| 3 Layers of the Heart (starting from the innermost layer) | 1. epicardium – the outer protective layer of the heart, synonymous with visceral pericardium (inner layer of the sac) 2. myocardium – the thick, contractile, muscular middle layer of the heart 3. endocardium – the thin inner layer of the heart that is continuous with the lining of blood vessels |
| Pericardium | tough, double layered sac that surrounds the heart |
| Two layers of Pericardium | 1. parietal pericardium – an outer tougher layer 2. visceral pericardium – an inner layer that adheres tightly to the heart (aka epicardium) |
| cardiovascular system, also called the circulatory system | maintains the distribution of blood throughout the body;consists of the heart and all the blood vessels in the body |
| Oxygenated blood | Blood leaving the heart is rich in oxygen |
| deoxygenated blood | Blood coming back from systemic circulation is oxygen poor |
| 3 Divisons of Cardiovascular circulation | 1. systemic circulation - carries oxygenated blood away from heart to tissues and cells and then back to heart 2. Pulmonary circulation - between the heart and lungs transports deoxygenated blood to lungs to get oxygen and then back to heart 3. Coronary/cardiac circulation- heart and arteries and veins circulate blood to and from the muscles |
| pericardial cavity | a serous fluid-filled cavity between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium |
| shunt | to divert; to turn off to one side |
| vasodilation | dilation a blood vessel |
| vasoconstriction | constriction of blood vessel |
| right atrium | blood returning from systemic circulation enters this chamber via the superior and inferior vena cava (veins) and is then delivered to the right ventricle with the first contraction of every heart beat (Note: The first contraction of each heart beat simultaneously contracts both atria.) |
| right ventricle | receives blood from the right atrium and with each secondary heart contraction the blood is pushed into the lungs (pulmonary circulation) (Note: There is a secondary contraction of the heart that simultaneously contracts both ventricles.) |
| left atrium | blood coming from the lungs (pulmonary circulation) enters this chamber and is then delivered to the left ventricle with the first contraction of every heart beat |
| left ventricle | receives blood from the left atrium and with each secondary heart contraction it is pushed into the systemic circulation through the aorta |
| Name of valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle | mitral valve or left atrioventricular valve |
| Name the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle | Tricuspid valve or right atrioventricular |
| Because the valve from the right ventricle connects to the lungs it is called... | Pulmonary valve (right semilunar valve) |
| Because the valve from the left ventricle connects to the aorta it is called... | aortic valve (left semilunar valve) |
| Sinoatrial node/ SA node | pacemaker of the heart |
| Conduction system of the heart | The electric impulse by the SA node travels to the atrioventricular node (AV node) to the atrioventricular bundle (Bundle of His) to the left and right bundle branches to Purkinje fibers, contained in the walls of the ventricles. |
| The head is divided into right and left halves by the... | Septum |
| Largest vein in the body | Vena cava |
| Inferior vena cava | the large vein that delivers deoxygenated blood from the trunk and legs the empties into the right atrium of the heart |
| superior vena cava | the large vein that delivers deoxygenated blood from the head and arms to the right atrium |
| pulmonary arteries | are the only arteries that carry DEOXYGENATED blood bc they are carrying blood away from the heart to the lungs to release CO2 and pick up O2 |
| pulmonary veins | are the only veins that carry OXYGENATED blood bc they are bringing freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart to be distributed to the rest of the body |
| aorta | the largest artery of the body; rises from the left ventricle |
| systole | contraction phase of the heart |
| diastole | relaxation phase of the heart |
| arteries | carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to body tissues |
| veins | carry oxygen-poor blood from body tissues back to the heart |
| arteriole | little artery |
| venules | small veins that receive the depleted hemoglobin and wastes from the capillaries |
| Capillaries | Transfer of O2 and nutrients to cells and extraction of CO2 and waste from cells take place in the capillaries which joins arterioles to venules |
| tunica | coat; a membranous covering of an organ or a distinct layer of the wall of a hollow structure |
| intima | innermost |
| media | middle |
| adventitia | outer (literally - coming from abroad) |
| tunica intima | is the innermost layer of the arteries and veins. It is composed of a thin layer of endothelial cells and line the entire circulatory system from your heart and the large arteries all the way to the smallest capillaries. |
| tunica media - | a muscular middle layer of the arteries and veins. Arteries are thicker than veins |
| tunica adventitia | and a fibrous connective tissue outer layer that contains nerves Blood pressure is much higher in arteries than in veins. Veins also contain valves at various intervals to control the direction of the blood flow back to the heart. |
| Primary layers of arteries and veins | 1. tunica intima 2. tunica media 3. tunica adventitia |
| arterial | pertaining to arteries |
| venous | pertaining to, composed of, or affecting veins |
| arteriovenous | pertaining to both arteries and veins |
| atrial | pertaining to the atria |
| ventricular | pertaining to a ventricle |
| atrioventricular | pertaining to an atrium and a ventricle |
| cardiopulmonary | pertaining to the heart and lungs |
| septal | pertaining to a septum |
| pericardial | pertaining to the pericardium |
| endocardial | pertaining to the endocardium |
| myocardial | pertaining to the myocardium |
| pulmonary | pertaining to the lungs |
| aortic | pertain to the aorta |
| intraaortic | within the aorta |
| valval | pertaining to a valve |
| valvular | pertaining to or having valves |
| vasodilation | stretching or dilation of a vessel |
| vasoconstriction | the narrowing of a blood vessel |
| heart rate | the rate at which the heart is beating, also referred to as the pulse rate |
| blood pressure | the pressure exerted by the circulating blood volume against the walls of the arteries and veins and on the chambers of the heart; direct measurement can only be obtained by heart catheterization; indirect blo |
| hypertension | excessive or increased blood pressure |
| hypotension | insufficient or decreased blood pressure |
| normotensive | the state of having a normal blood pressure, which is approximately 120/80 in adults |
| tachycardia | an increased pulse rate that is greater than 100 beats per minute (bpm |
| bradycardia | a decreased pulse rate that is less than 60 beats per minute |
| cardiology | the study of the heart |
| cardiologist | one who studies the heart |
| phlebotomist | a person with special training in the practice of drawing blood |
| phlebotomy/venipuncture | opening of a vein to draw blood for laboratory analysis |
| angiogram | x-ray record of a vessel taken during angiography |
| angiography | the process of taking x-rays of blood vessels |
| electrocardiography | the process of recording the electrical currents of the heart |
| electrocardiograph | the name of the instrument that records the electrical currents of the heart |
| electrocardiogram | the recording produced by the electrocardiograph |
| cardiovascular disease | any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels; the leading cause of death in the U.S. |
| congenital heart disease | any heart disease that is present at birth |
| atriomegaly | abnormal enlargement of the atrium |
| cardiomyopathy | a general diagnostic term that designates primary myocardial disease. In other words, the disease originated in the myocardium |
| endocarditis | inflammation of the inner lining of the heart, caused by infection microorganisms |
| myocarditis | a cardiomyopathy that results in insufficient oxygen, damaged valves or high blood pressure. This may be caused by an infection, rheumatic fever, a chemical agent or a complication of another disease |
| pericarditis | inflammation of the pericardium owing to an infectious microorganism, a cancerous growth, or a variety of other causes |
| cardiomegaly / macrocardia | enlargement of the heart; can be a congenital condition or the result of an increasing growth in heart muscle to compensate for a heart disease/disorder. (Though macrocardia is technically a medical term, this condition is referred always referred to as cardiomegaly.) |
| microcardia | an abnormally small heart |
| atrial septal defect | an abnormal opening in the septum between the right and left atria |
| ventricular septal defect | an abnormal opening in the septum dividing the right and left ventricles |
| arrhythmia or dysrhythmia | a variation in the normal beating pattern or rhythm or your heart; either means your heartbeat is irregular (Instead of a regular rhythm of beat…beat...beat, the rhythm could be beat…….beat…beat...beat……..beat) or that you have an irregular pattern arising via the conduction system of the heart |
| atrial fibrillation | a cardiac arrhythmia that results from disorganized electrical activity in the atria resulting in reduced stroke volume; not as life-threatening as ventricular fibrillation |
| ventricular fibrillation | a severe life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia in which contractions of the ventricles are too rapid or uncoordinated for effective blood circulation; instead of a complete squeezing of the ventricles to push blood out to the body, the ventricle muscle has more of a quivering motion which does not adequately push blood out to the rest of the body |
| palpitations | subjective reports of a pounding or racing of the heart |
| asystole | cardiac arrest, an absence of a heartbeat |
| angiitis | inflammation of a blood vessel |
| angiospasm | an involuntary muscle contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of a vessel |
| angiostenosis | the narrowing of a vessel |
| aneurysm | the ballooning out of an artery |
| anoxia | an absence of oxygen; worse than hypoxia, which is a lower than normal level of oxygen |
| effusion | the escape of fluid into a part, such as a cavity |
| embolus | the obstruction of a blood vessel by a clot (blood or fat) that originated as a thrombus (clot) or from surgery/damage elsewhere in the body |
| hemorrhagic shock | results from excessive blood loss that is most frequently associated with trauma |
| hypovolemia | abnormally low circulating blood volume |
| infarct | a localized area of tissue death (necrosis) due to failure of blood supply to the tissue |
| myocardial infarct or heart attack | a localized area of tissue death to heart muscle due to an obstruction of blood flow such as a clot in a coronary artery |
| ischemia | insufficient blood flow to any tissue |
| myocardial ischemia | insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart |
| murmurs | abnormal heart sounds – such as whooshing or swishing – made by turbulent blood in or near your heart |
| orthostatic hypotension | the sudden drop in blood pressure a person experiences when sitting or standing up suddenly |
| plaque | a yellow, fatty deposit of lipids (fats) in an artery that is the hallmark of atherosclerosis |
| regurgitation | to flow backward; in the cardiovascular system this refer to the backflow of blood through a valve |
| stenosis | a constriction or narrowing |
| thrombus | a blood clot forming within a blood vessel; may partially or completely occlude the vessel |
| valvular stenosis | a valve of the hear is constricted, resulting in it not fully opening |
| shock | a life-threatening condition in which there is inadequate blood flow to the body’s tissues and is usually associated with inadequate cardiac output, hypotension and tissue damage. Causes of shock include: neurogenic shock, hemorrhagic shock, hypovolemic shock, septic shock, anaphylactic shock. |
| thombophlebitis | inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot |
| varicose veins | swollen and knotted veins caused by sluggish blood flow in combination with weakened walls and incompetent valves |
| venous thrombosis | formation of a thrombus in a vein, may be a complication of phlebitis, injury or prolonged bed confinement (Ex: Flying in airplanes for long distances is known to cause deep vein thrombosis [DVT]. People affected usually complain of leg pain within days of flying. It usually only affects one leg and occurs in the calf or thigh. The area affected may become edematous (swollen), erythematous (reddened), or feel warm to the touch. |
| aneurysmectomy | to cut out an aneurism; surgical removal of the aneurysm |
| embolectomy | surgical removal of an embolism (clot) from a blood vessel |
| cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) | a basic emergency procedure for life support to provide artificial respirations and cardiac compressions |
| defibrillator | an electronic device that is that sends a shock to the heart to override the fibrillation in order to get the heart to return to a normal rhythm (The whole body is shocked which is very painful to the patient.) |
| prolapse | to fall out of the normal position |
| shunt | a bypass, diversion or passage between two natural channels |
| stent | a device placed within a blood vessel to widen the lumen |
| valvoplasty | surgical repair of a heart valve |
| antiarrhythmic | reduces or prevents cardiac arrhythmias |
| anticoagulant | prevents blood clot formation |
| diuretic | increased urine production by the kidneys, which works to reduce plasma and therefore blood volume, resulting in lower blood pressure |
| vasoconstrictor | contracts smooth muscles in walls of the blood vessels; raises blood pressure |
| vasodilator | relaxes smooth muscles in the walls of arteries, thereby increasing the diameter of the blood vessel; increases blood pressure and/or increases circulation to an ischemic area |
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