11839616
Description
Flashcards by J yadonknow, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by J yadonknow
almost 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What are alkanes? | Straight/branched hydrocarbons with single covalent bonds between carbons only! |
| What is the homologous series? | Each successive member differing by -CH2 |
| What is the general formula for an alkane? | CnH2n+2 |
| Where are the prefix-parent-suffix derived from? | Substituent location-C#-family of molecule |
| What are the sources of alkanes? | Natural Gas- Anaerobic decay of organic matter by MOs Petroleum- Mixtures separated by fractional distillation |
| In what order do you name functional groups according to IUPAC? | By alphabetical order, NOT lowest number |
| What is an isomer? | Same molecular formula, different 3D arrangement |
| What is a constitutional isomer? | Molecular isomer Same molecular formula, different arrangement of atoms |
| What increases as chain length increases? | SA Intermolecular forces Boiling point Melting point |
| What is conformational isomerism? | Form of steroisomerism Different isomers formed by free rotation around a single bond |
| What kind of conformation eclipsed? | Overlapped, H atoms line up |
| What kind of conformation is staggered? | H atoms not lined up |
| How do the energy of these two conformations differ and why? | Eclipsed have higher energy, more interactions between atoms because they're closer, staggered far apart as possible, so the opposite of the above |
| What is a fully eclipsed conformation? | When the side groups aren't hydrogens, say chlorine, but they still line up |
| What is gauche? | When When the side groups aren't hydrogens, say chlorine, and they don't line up |
| What is eclipsed? | If the Cls aren't matched up but the other atoms generally are then it's eclipsed |
| Anti (Staggered) | Chlorines far away as possible |
| What would one expect of a rotation energy diagram of these conformations? | Energy gets higher as chlorines get closer as electrons are closer (higher share due to EN) |
| What is the general structure of a cycloalkane? | CnH2n with SP3 hybridised carbons NOT planar Restricted rotation in C-C bonds (apart from benzene) |
| What is the chair conformation? | All six formations are gauche Energetically more favourable |
| What is the boat conformation? | 4 Gauche, 2 Eclipsed |
| What arises when 2 or more substituents are added to a cycloalkane? | Cis/trans isomerism Cis down/down trans up/down |
| What is the ratio of carbocation stability? | 3':2':1' = 5:4:1 |
| What is the cause of this variable stability? | Hyperconjugation= Lone p orbital electron of the Carbon overlaps with the bonded electrons of the sp3 orbitals, stabilising the p orbital electron and delocalising the sp3 bonded electrons |
| What is the net effect? | Net stabilising effect, less energy required to generate the radicals |
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