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Flashcards by Nora Mahrer, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Nora Mahrer
almost 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| The cultural dimension model works with a dilemma. Explain Dilemma. | • There is no final answer to a dilemma. • Nevertheless one has to respond. • Culture gives us the “right“ answer in dilemma-situations. |
| Name the 7 cultural dimensions. (Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner concluded that what distinguishes people from one culture compared with another is where these preferences fall in one of the 7 cultural dimensions.) | 1. Universalism vs. particularism. 2. Individualism vs. communitarianism. 3. Specific vs. diffuse. 4. Neutral vs. emotional. 5. Achievement vs. ascription. 6. Sequential time vs. synchronous time. 7. Internal direction vs. outer direction. |
| What the 7 cultural dimension model does NOT cover: | *the model doesn't tell you how to measure people's preferences on each dimension. *don't take into account people's personal experiences or differences between sub-cultures within the country. |
| Universalism characteristics | People place a high importance on laws, rules, values, and obligations. They try to deal fairly with people based on these rules, but rules come before relationships. |
| Particularism characteristics | People believe that each circumstance, and each relationship, dictates the rules that they live by. Their response to a situation may change, based on what's happening in the moment, and who's involved. |
| Dimension 1 Universalism vs. Particularism "Rules vs. relationships" | UNIVERSALISM Everyone is equal, equal status, equal opportunities Universal rule of law. PARTICULARISM Everyone is special, Every moment is exceptional. |
| Universalism at its best what can you say to that? | *Equality and equal opportunities *Tolerance for diversity (example H&M clothes, L'oreal true match foundation) *gender & racial equality (zb. staff photo without white man in the front) |
| Typical "universalist cultures" countries are? | U.S., Canada, the U.K, the Netherlands, Germany, Scandinavia, New Zealand, Australia and Switzerland. |
| What do you know about equality and equal opportunities in the U.S.? | To implement equality of every person standardized procedures and universally applicable is important. you see it in: *communication *corporate organisation *High sensitivity on gender and ethnicity issues. |
| Universalism at its worst.. what can you say to that? | Can overburden you with rules and regulations. |
| Particularism culture at its best.. whats good at it? | *High level of flexibility, improvisation talents and outcome oriented pragmatism. (ex. Deng Xiao-ping with the white or black cat, as long it catches mice) *celebrates what is unique and incomparable about people, situation and events. |
| Particularism at it's worst | Discrimination, favoritism, chaos ex: Focus is more on relationships than on rules. Legal contracts are readily modified. |
| When managing and being managed in universalist "area" consider the follow: | 1 consistency and uniform procedures. 2 Institute formal ways of change business 3 Modify the system so that the system will modify you. 4 Signal changes publicly. 5 treat all like cases in the same way. |
| When managing and being managed in particularist "area" consider the follow: | 1 Build informal networks and create private understandings. 2 Try to alter informally accustomed patterns of activity. 3 Modify relations with you, so that you will modify the system. 4 Pull levers privately. 5 treat all cases on their special merits. |
| Affection of individualism and communitarianism The 3 most critical areas in international management are? | International management is seriously affected by individualist or communitarian preferences. 1. Negotiations 2.decision-making 3. motivation are the most critical areas. |
| Individualism characteristics | People believe in personal freedom and achievement. They believe that you make your own decisions, and that you must take care of yourself (ex. starving boy, alcoholic parents don't care) |
| Communitarianism characteristics | People believe that the group is more important than the individual to improve everyones life. The group provides help and safety, in exchange for loyalty. The group always comes before the individual. (ex. travel profile of Chinese tourists) |
| Praise and reward group performance. Don't praise individuals publically. Allow people to involve others in decision making. Avoid showing favoritism. Strategies of which dimension is meant? | Communitarianism |
| Praise and reward individual performance. Give people autonomy to make their own decisions and to use their initiative. Link people's needs with those of the group or organization. Allow people to be creative and to learn from their mistakes. Strategies of which dimension is meant? | Individualism |
| Give people autonomy to make their own decisions. Respect others' needs when you make decisions. Be flexible in how you make decisions. Take time to build relationships and get to know people so that you can better understand their needs. Highlight important rules and policies that need to be followed. Strategies of which dimension is meant? | Particularism |
| Help people understand how their work ties into their values and beliefs. Provide clear instructions, processes, and procedures. Keep promises and be consistent. Give people time to make decisions. Use an objective process to make decisions yourself, and explain your decisions if others are involved. Strategies of which dimension is meant? | Universalism |
| Dimension 2 Individualism vs. Communitarianism The Individual vs. The Group | INDIVIDUALISM Competition, self-reliance, personal growth and fulfillment. COMMUNITARIANISM Cooperation, social concern, public service and societal legacy. |
| Individualism at its best.. what's good? | Indepedence autonomy self-reliance freedom (stand out, think different) |
| Individualism at its worst | If everybody is different – society loses: *social cohesion *loss of social capital *loss of common purpose *Greed (Gier) *egotism *mercilessness (Gnadenlosigkeit) |
| Communitarianism at its best | *Togetherness *teamwork *solidarity |
| Communitarianism at its worst | *Lack of individidual initiative and slow progress. *Human sacrifice and out-group demonization. (ex. muslim women killed by family members due to adultery) |
| When managing and being managed in individualism "area" consider the follow: | Try to adjust individual needs to organisational needs. Introduce methods of individual incentives like pay-for-performance, individual assessment. Expect job turnover and mobility to be high. Seek out high performers for special praise. Give people the freedom to take individual initiatives. |
| When managing and being managed in communitarianism "area" consider the following: | Seek to integrate personality with authority within the group. Give attention to esprit de corps, morale and cohesiveness. Have low job turnover and mobility. Extol (loben) the whole group and avoid favouritism. Hold up superordinate goals for all to meet. |
| The three layers of social behavior are? | 1. Universal 2. Cultural 3. Personal |
| 1. layer of social behavior is the Universal behavior | *The human nature *Universal values *Commonly shared world view (ex. children like to play all over the world) |
| 2. layer of social behavior is the Cultural behavior animals vs. people | *animals and plants survive a changing environment via bodily adaptation (somatic) *humanity relies on culture, which illustrate an extra-somatic mean of adaptation and survival. |
| cultural diversity in living conditions. explain why? | different places or different circumstances develop different cultures. |
| The function of culture. explain the ladder of trust for companies. | *Social norms for trust. *The higher levels of trust, the lower levels of interpersonal violence. *The higher level of trust, enables a workforce to be productive. *The more productive the workforce, the richer the country. |
| Is state failure and extreme poverty rooted in the “WRONG” social norms? yes or no? Why? | NO! State failure and extreme poverty is the BREAK-DOWN of social norms. |
| The function of culture what came first culture or economic & commercial relations? | Only when social cultures are well developed is there enough social trust to support commercial and governmental institutions. |
| Culture at two levels only name the two | *psychic or psychological level *institutional level |
| Culture at two levels. Explain the institutional level | The institutional level, which looks at national (or group) culture embodied in institutions. = government, education, economic institutions and business organizations |
| Culture at two levels. Explain the psychic / psychological level | The psychic or psychological level, which focuses on the internalized norms, attitudes, and behavior of individuals from a particular culture. |
| The three layers of social behavior (recap: universal, cultural, personal). Explain the 3. layer, the personal | *Individual biography and genetic pre-disposition form our personality. *Having the same cultural roots does not mean that one is identical in his/her behavior. *Therefore: Every person is unique. |
| Iceberg example... explain the visible world | The Outer Layer The Evident The Objective |
| Iceberg example.. Explain the inner layer (whats under the water) | =>What gives meaning to the visible world The Inner Layer The Implicit The Subjective Why we act the way we act |
| Intercultural conflict whats the problem? | If people from different cultures meet, they tend to interpret the other person’s behavior by basing their interpretation on one’s own cultural value system. |
| Stereotyps and generalizations Us vs. Them In-Group vs. Out-Group explain Social identity | *Social identity theory aims to specify and predict the circumstances under which individuals think of themselves as individuals or as group members. *A person’s sense of who they are based on their group membership. |
| Generalisation | Categorizing members of a group as having similar characteristics. (Flexible perception) Generalization is when you formulate one or more hypotheses and test them in your new cultural environment. |
| Stereotyping | Categorizing all members of a group as having same characteristics. (do so by exaggerate differences) -Selective and inflexible perception -often judgmental (can be + or -) -often instantaneous (unverzüglich) |
| From stereotype to generalization How? Give an example with Americans and friendliness | Changing it to hypothesis (question with an observable component). Stereotype: Americans are very friendly Generalization: Many Americans are friendly in the way they act toward other people. |
| 3 core intercultural competencies. Namely? | AWARENESS KNOWLEDGE SKILLS |
| Explain AWARENESS in the context of core intercultural competencies | *An attitude of openness *Awareness for cultural diversity/differences *Respect *Awareness of own's preconceptions *Awareness for the adverse (feindlich) effects of ethnocentric viewpoints evaluations and judgements. In other words: you should not solely judging another culture by the values you already know (your one's culture values) . |
| How is KNOWLEDGE important in the context of core intercultural competencies? | *Interest in learning about a foreign culture. *Knowledge about the foreign as well as one‘s own culture. *Identification of conflicting values and norms. |
| What kind of SKILLS do we need in the context of core intercultural competencies? | • Observation skills. • Intellectual flexibility and ability to change one’s perception, opinion, understanding etc. • Verbal and non-verbal language skills. • Ability to emphasize and at the same time to maintain an appropriate emotional distance in order to establish a balanced view of pro and contra. • Intellectual agility to find a way to reconcile cultural differences. |
| Stereotyping is based on a normal cognitive process. Name 4 tendencies of stereotyping. | 1. The tendency to group things together. 2. to be selective in one’s perception. 3. to organize all perceptions to fit what one already knows. 4. to be instantaneously judgmental. |
| Explain the basic idea/vision of universal the human rights | Basic idea: Every human has some inalienable rights (unveräusserliche Rechte, die man jmdm. nicht wegnehmen kann) that are too important for the state to overrule. |
| The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 Name the 7 main categories. | 1) Security rights 2) Due process rights 3) Equality rights 4) Liberty rights 5) Political rights 6) Minority and group rights 7) Welfare rights (actually, there are 30 Articles) |
| Explain Security Rights | Protection on individual's physical integrity against punishments such as: *execution *torture (Gewaltanwendung in einem Verhör) *arbitrary arrest (willkürliche Verhaftung) |
| Explain Due Process Rights (ordnungsgemässes Gerichtsverfahren) | Procedural fairness in law: *rule of law *rights upon arrest *trial *basic conditions must be met when imprisoned (ex. Winterthur police station had to close its cells) *rights to a lawyer *impartial process in trial |
| Explain Equality Rights | Protection based on: *gender *religious *racial or other forms of discrimination. |
| Explain Liberty Rights | Individual freedom of belief, speech, association, freedom of press, right to hold assembly. |
| Explain Political Rights | Right to political participation (organise a political party, vote, voice contempt for current political authority). |
| Explain Minority and Group Rights | Promotion and protection of the rights of persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities within a state. |
| Explain Welfare Rights | Right to be protected against severe poverty (grosse Armut) by receiving access to: *education *employment opportunities *adequate standard of living (adequate food, clothing, housing). => is in contradiction with political rights. e.g. China progress in welfare rights, in political rights they stand still. e. g. India democratic rights (welfare rights) make economic slow. |
| Human Rights In only two parts | They include civil and political rights, which refer to a person’s rights to take part in the civil and political life of their community without discrimination or oppression (Unterdrückung). These include rights and freedoms such as the right to vote, the right to privacy, freedom of speech and freedom from torture. |
| Bring the 7 Human Rights to the different Dimensions: Individualism vs. Communitarianism Particularism vs. Universalism | *Universalism: Security rights, Due Process rights, Equality rights, Political Rights Communitarianism: Minority rights (protection of the group) Individualism: -Liberty Rights -Welfare Particularism: (-Welfare) |
| Affective vs. Neutral Whats the difference? | Affective: Emotional expression, humorous Constant verbal communication Tactile, close body-space Neutral: Emotionally controlled, serious Silent communication Non-tactile, bigger body-space |
| 1) Universalism and Communitarianism combined together represent which political group? 2) Individualism and Particularism combined for which group? | 1) Communism 2) Anarchy |
| Specificity vs. Diffuseness Whats the difference? | SPECIFIC / ATOMISTIC Communication: Plain and honest. Get to the point! From the specific to the general Relationship: Public private separation DIFFUSE / HOLISTIC Communication: Picturesque, indirect. Read between the lines! From the general to the specific Relationship: Hardly any public private separation |
| In communication we differentiate between... | Low-context communication Verbally very explicit. The communicator needs to be specific about everything. No prior context knowledge is required. High-context communication Less verbally explicit communication. Many things are left unsaid. A few words can communicate a complex message. Be familiar with the context |
| Specific vs. Diffuse (This dimension measures how far people get involved with other's life space. ) Which culture is most diffuse oriented? | Most East Asian cultures are highly diffuse-oriented. |
| Achievement vs. Ascription | This dimension is about how status is accorded to people in different cultures. Achievement means that people are judged on what they have accomplished and on their record. Ascription means that status is attributed to you by things like birth, kinship, gender, age, interpersonal connections, or educational record. |
| Specific vs. Diffuse explain overall | This dimension measures how far people get involved with other's life space. Work and life are sharply separated in specific-oriented cultures life the U.S. In diffuse cultures, however, life space and every level of personality tends to permeate ALL others. |
| Achievement at its best & worst | +) Achievement goes for celebrations & for rich and poor people. -) pressure, losers become victims. |
| Ascription at its best & worst | +) good for trustful relationships people expect social responsible behavior -) Racial profiling, caste system (Cross- generational discrimination and poverty), blue-blooded incompetence |
| Dimension 1: How do we judge other people’s behavior? What do we consider as just? | Universalism Rules vs. Particularism Relations |
| Dimension 2: Where lies the prime orientation – to oneself or to the group? | Individualism Individual vs. Collectivism Group |
| Dimension 3: What does convention tell us about displaying emotions? | Affective (people show emotions) vs. Neutral (emotionally neutral approach) |
| Dimension 4: How do we get involved and how far do we get involved? | Specific specific involvement (Analytic and differentiated, clear distinction between work and personal life, easy contact) vs. Diffuse holistic and integrated (Holistic and integrated, high personal involvement, no clear distinction between work and private life.) |
| Dimension 5. How do we accord status? | Status achieved what you do vs. Status ascribed who you are |
| Dimension 6: How do we manage time? | Punctuality, orientation to past, present and future, short- or long-term orientation, pace of life, time as an arrow or time as a circle |
| Dimension 7: How do we relate to nature / to our environment? | Inner directed Me-directed I am the captain of my fate. vs. Outer directed God / nature / group - directed I do have a destiny. |
| Time Do we think in “dynastic“ categories? Explain this expression | For example "How much progress do I want from my business within 20 years?" long-time horizon |
| Dimension 7 1. Inner directedness explain briefly 2. relation to social surroundings | 1. Men can and should control nature by imposing one‘s will upon it. Focus on your own preferences. 2. Conceives of virtue as inside each of us -in our souls, convictions, and principles -in the triumph of conscious purpose. (guilt culture) example: "everybody think I am wrong. I don't think so." |
| Dimension 7 1. Outer directedness explain briefly 2. relation to social surroundings | 1. Men are part of nature and must go along with its laws, directions and forces. Take external circumstances into consideration. 2. Conceives of virtue as outside each of us in natural rhythms, in the beauties and power of nature, in aesthetic environments and relationships. (shame culture) example: "I have done something wrong, nobody has seen it. so I don't care" |
| Problems concerning implementability and universality of human rights | 1. contradiction within and between the different categories 2. moral relativism 3. State sovereignty (e.g. holocaust) 4. cultural imperialism (e.g. forcing western rights on developing countries not accepted by them) |
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