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| Question | Answer |
| What are the 11 major organ systems? | integumentary, nervous, muscular, skeletal, circulatory, endocrine, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive |
| What are the functions of the integument system? | Protection from microorganisms Flexibility +motion Moisture sealing Body temp. regulation Vit. D synthesis |
| What are some differentiated structures? | Feathers, hair, horns, claws, nails, glands |
| What do keratinised structures do? | Prevent water escape + against friction / direct mechanical stimulation (calluses) |
| All true vertebrates have a multilayered epithelium, what do fish / amphibians have? | Mucus later for bacterial / mechanical protection preventing drying on land |
| What is the structure of mammal integument? | - Mammal skin generally thicker than other vertebrates, composed of epidermis + dermis - Dermis thicker than epidermis - Regions subject to abrasion, outer layers of epidermis thicker and cornified with keratin |
| What is the structure of scales? | - Continuous layer of epidermis, cannot dissect out of sin and shed ebutreky or in small flakes - E.g. Snakes, bird legs and feet |
| What is the structure of beaks? | Epidermal structures, jaws covered by keratinised sheaths |
| What is the structure of beaks / claws? | Curved + laterally compressed keratinised projections from tips of digits |
| What is the structure of feathers? | Epithelial cells project into skin creating feather follicle, growing to project out into feather shaft separating and developing barbs |
| What is the structure of hair? | - Characteristic of mammals, similar to feathers (but hair follicle instead of feather) - Hair follicle = epidermal structure (but lies in dermis of skin), hair continuously grows via cells in follicle - Cells in hair shaft are shifted upwards away from source of nourishment, accumulate keratin and die |
| What is the structure of glands? | - Sweat: tubular, highly coiled glands - Scent: allow communication (territory, warning, defence, mating) - Sebaceous: produce oily secretion (sebum) lubricating + protecting skin and hair - Mammary: rudimentary in males, present in all female mammals |
| What is the structure of nails? | - Keratinised epithelial cells produced at base by pushing existing nail forward - Protect from mechanical injury + stabilise skin for better grasping |
| What is the structure of hooves? | Enlarged keratinised plates found on end of ungulate digits |
| What is the structure of horns? | Tough cornified layer of the integument covers horns, retained year round and grow throughout lifetime |
| What is the structure of baleen? | Found in some whales, series of keratin plates arising from oral epithelium, sheets hang from palate |
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