143321
| Question | Answer |
| Limestone, sandstone, siltstone and schist change into... | Marble, quartzite, slate and gneiss |
| Types of aerial methods, and advantages... | Gravity, Magnetic, electromagnetic, covers large areas quickly |
| Types of on-site methods, and advantages... | Seismic, geochemical, more precise and accurate |
| Satellite images and geological maps... | geological maps- from top and side, side called cross-section, help decide best way to mine Satellite images- make image using light-rays we can't see, near-infrared, shortwave-infrared, thermal-infrared, help see features we can't see |
| Gravitational surveys... | dense materials change gravitational pull, gravimeter, give clues to what minerals are there |
| Electromagnetic surveys... | find good conductors of electricity- transmitter sends magnetic field, creates electric currents in minerals, which makes secondary magnetic field, receiver detects secondary field- copper sulphide, zinc sulphide, lead sulphide, gold, silver |
| Magnetic surveys... | iron, cobalt, nickel (iron the cobalt shirt, Nick) change magnetic field around them, magnetometers detect change, 'magnetic anomaly' |
| Seismic surveys... | Send shockwave into ground, record reflected sound wave- geophones detect sound waves, explosives/mechanical vibrators- give deeper and better images, gives info on structure of 35-60km of the crust- help understand how minerals form |
| Geochemical surveys... | Drill hole in rock/collect samples, 'core samples', check amount of minerals in the rock- groundwater indicator- dissolves buried minerals, helps detect metals- uranium and arsenic found near gold |
| Mining types... depends on... | Surface, underground, leach mining, and dredging... type of mineral, geology of the area, cost and mineral value |
| Dredge mining... | pit dug then filled with water, minerals heavier than sand, boats pump the sand and water out, separate from the minerals, minerals collected, water and sand pumped back in |
| Leach mining... | drill holes in the rock, rocks injected with a solution which dissolve the ore-'leach solution', dissolved ore solution is pumped up to the surface, then the solution gets mineral gets separated |
| Surface mining... | cheapest if near the surface, large pit/open-cut mine, mined using machines with large shovels, drag lines, and big drills called augers |
| Underground mining... | ore deep, fairly concentrated, and in a small space/ in narrow veins, cheaper, vertical shaft down to level, then horizontal shaft into the rock, hoisted up to surface, or, decline so that it can be driven out by vehicle |
| Drilling is used to mine... | Petroleum (natural oil and gas) |
| Petroleum wells what is there... | Tall structure to support drilling equipment- derrick Drill bit, gets hot so clay, chemicals and water pumped through Metal casing/hollow tube, wellhead-system of pipes and valves to separate and storage tanks |
| Process at petroleum wells... | Bore holes into rocks until oil/gas is found, when found, drill and pipe removed from whole, metal casing lowered in and cemented in place. Wellhead separates the oil and gas into storage tanks |
| If the natural pressure of the oil and gas drops... | a pump can be used, or water, steam or gas can be injected in to increase the pressure and make the oil flow more |
| Ocean rigs... | some float attached to wires, others are on the seafloor, others are ships which can move around, oil/gas pumped through pipelines on seafloor to refineries, floating ships which link up to well and collect oil/gas for treatment and storage on board. |
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