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Description
Flashcards by alexandra.carr, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by alexandra.carr
about 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Define Personality. | An individuals unique and relatively consistent group of characteristics that determine patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors when alone and with others |
| Define Character. | One aspect of your personality on which others judge you as being right or wrong as an individual and a social being |
| Define Temperament. | Our tendency to emotionally respond or react to people and events. Is observable at birth and is assumed by some psychologists to be inherited |
| Define Mood. | An emotional state that colors our perceptions of the world and influences the way in which we interact with others |
| What is a personality theory? | An approach to describing and explaining the origins and development of personality, focusing on how people are similar, how they differ and why every individual is unique |
| Why is a personality theory developed? | to attempt to understand, explain and interpret the complicated patterns people's of thoughts, feelings and behaviours |
| What are Freud's 3 dimension that make up a persons behaviour? |
Unconscious, preconscious and conscious
Image:
Iceberg_Theory (image/jpg)
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| Describe unconscious | Images, thoughts and feelings being experienced right now |
| Describe preconscious. | memories and sensations that can easily be brought into consciousness at any moment |
| Describe unconscious | Desires, impulses and wishes that would produce considerable anxiety if allowed into consciousness |
| What is the most important level of the mind and why? | The unconscious because our desires, impulses and wishes are thought to fuel our behaviours as they are what we are always striving to achieve |
| What are Freud's 3 interrelating systems of personality? | Id, Ego and Superego |
| What are the two dimensions of Id? | Eros: instincts that help preserve life Thanatos: instincts potentially cause death |
| Describe Id and its operating principle. | Primal desires/ basic natures and it operates on the pleasure principle (needs must be met to ensure pleasure and avoid pain) |
| Describe ego and its operating principle. | Reason and self control and it operates on the reality principle (applies logic to Id's demands) |
| Describe ego and its operating principle. | The quest for perfection and it runs on the Moral principle (informing our decisions of what is right and wrong) |
| Define Defense Mechanisms. | unconscious psychological process through which the ego defends and protects itself against anxiety arising from psychological conflicts. |
| List 3 defense mechanisms. | Denial, Repression and Reaction-Formation |
| Define Denial | refusing to believe whatever it is that would cause anxiety |
| Define Repression. | preventing unacceptable thoughts and feelings from entering conscious awareness, therefor preventing anxiety |
| Define Reaction-Formation. | thinking, feeling or behaving in a manner which is opposite to how you really think, feel or behave |
| Define Erogenous Zone. | the area of the body where pleasure is obtained |
| What causes a fixation? | If a child experiences anxiety during a psychosexual development stage |
| What are the 5 psychosexual stages? | Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent and Genital |
| Where is pleasure obtained and what is the conflict during the oral stage? | the mouth (sucking, biting, chewing) and the conflict is around the role of the mouth |
| What are the 2 types of fixations for the oral stage? | Oral Receptive: needy, swallow ideas take comfort from eating etc, passive and sensitive to rejection Oral Aggressive: verbally abusive, mouth related aggression and hostile |
| Where is the pleasure centred and what is the conflict during the anal stage? | Around the anus and passing stools and the conflict is in toilet training |
| what are the 2 fixations from the anal stage? | Anal Retentive: stingy, stubborn, perfectionist and OCD Anal Expulsive: Lack of self control, messy and careless |
| what are the 2 fixations from the anal stage? | Anal Retentive: stingy, stubborn, perfectionist and OCD Anal Expulsive: Lack of self control, messy and careless |
| Where is the pleasure centred in the phallic stage and what is the conflict? | the genitals and unconscious desires for parent develop. the conflict is between the boy and his father |
| What does a fixation at the phallic stage cause? | sexual deviancies (promiscuity or avoidance), problems with authority and weak or confused sexual identity |
| What is the focus of the latency stage? | On school and making friends and socialising, sexual energy is used for academic and social pursuits. |
| Where is the focus in the genital stage and what is the conflict? | still the genitals but sexual urges are directed onto opposite sex peers. Now the interest is also on the welfare of others, not just on the individual. |
| What can a fixation at the genital stage cause? | avoidance behaviour in relationships, reluctance to commit and childlike behaviour |
| Define Type Theories | different personality types in terms of a group of characteristics that individuals have in common with others. Individuals with the same specified characteristics are said to be of the same personality type |
| Who developed the Type A and Type B personalities? | Friedman and Rosenman |
| What are the characteristics of a Type A personality? | ambitious, goal orientated, impatient. easily upset and hostile, impatient, successful, rarely satisfied, |
| What are the characteristics of a Type B personality? | easy going, can control anger, can relax, not incredibly driven, understand their emotions |
| What is the relationship between personality and heart disease? | Type A males are 2 times as likely to contract heart disease than Type B males |
| What are the key characteristics of a Type C personality? | strong need to conform, pessimistic, avoid and deny negative emotions |
| What is the correlation between personality TYPE and the onset of cancer? | Type C personalities are 16 times more likely to contract cancer as they suppress emotions and thus suppress their immune system |
| What are some criticisms of the Empirical Approach (TYPE THEORY)? | -Conflicting evidence from different studies -Use of personality to explain links = inaccurate -Classify only by most dominant characteristics -Limited number of categories -single label is to simplistic -don't fit into one type perfectly -narrow view of personality -no personality development |
| Define Trait Theory. | focus on measuring, describing and identifying individual differences in personality |
| what are the 3 assumptions of trait theory? | 1. personality traits are stable and predictable over time 2. personality traits are stable across different situations 3. personality consists of a number of different traits and some people have more or less of each trait |
| Who developed the three dimensions of personalities? | Eysenck |
| What are the three dimensions of personality? | introversion-extroversion, neuroticism-emotional stability, psychoticism |
| What are the criticisms of trait theories? | -Doesn't explain how traits change over time -Small sample leads to oversimplification -Doesn't count different traits for different personalities |
| Define Humanistic Theory. | to understand a person properly, you need to understand the world as they do |
| Who developed humanistic theory? | Rogers (1961) |
| Define Self-actualisation. | Reaching full potential and it depends on how a person is treated and how they see themselves |
| Define Self-concept | all perceptions and beliefs a person has about themselves. develops over time and childhood experiences are critical. |
| what is an example of a well adjusted personality in rogers theories? | Genuine, accepting and empathetic |
| What are some of the criticisms of the humanistic approach? | - simplistic, romantic and vague - encourage self fulfillment - unrealistic and unscientific |
| What are the 5 different ways of measuring personality? | inventory, Myer-briggs type indicator, Hollands self directed search, Roschach inkblot and the TAT. |
| Define Personality Inventories. | a test which has a list of questions designed to assess aspects of personality |
| What is an example of a personality inventory test? | the Myer-Briggs type indicator |
| What are the strengths of a personality indicator test? | quick, uses computer scoring, can test multiple people at once, can measure traits simultaneously |
| What are the limitations of a personality indicator test? | cultural bias, can be manipulated, provide limited information |
| Define Projective Test. | person is shown visual material for which they provide an interpretation. eg. Roschach inkblot test |
| What does a projective test do? | attempts to uncover and individuals unconscious aspects of personality |
| What are the strengths of projective tests? | difficult to fake, provide information in persons own words |
| What are the weaknesses of projective tests? | difficult to interpret, subjective=open to errors, individuals may not have a response |
| What does TAT test stand for? | Thematic Apperception Test |
| What 4 things does a TAT test ask? | What has led up to the event shown What is happening at the moment What the characters are feeling or thinking What the outcome of the story was |
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