16463129
Description
Flashcards by Czean Holgado, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Czean Holgado
almost 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Identify the 3 planes of movement. | -Frontal -Sagittal -Transverse |
| Briefly describe the frontal plane. | -This is the plane that cuts across the body sideways - any lateral (side) movements that occur parallel to this line happens in the frontal plane. |
| Name all the possible movements possible in the frontal plane. | Movements possible in this plane -Adduction -Abduction -Elevation -Depression -Inversion -Eversion |
| Define the term 'adduction' | -movement towards the midline of the body |
| Define the term 'abduction' | -Movement away the midline of the body. |
| Define the term 'elevation' | Moving to a superior (higher) position - only at the scapula |
| Define the term 'depression' | Moving to an infererior (lower) position |
| Define the term 'inversion'. | Lifting the medial border of the foot (foot goes inwards) |
| Define the term 'eversion'. | Lifting the lateral border of the foot (foot goes sidewards) |
| Briefly describe the 'sagittal' plane. | -This is the plane that cuts directly down the middle of the body from an anterior view - any forward or backwards movement parallel to this line occurs in the sagittal plane. |
| Name all the possible movements possible in the sagittal plane. | -Flexion -Extension -Dorsi flexion -Plantar flexion |
| Define the term | -Decreasing the angle between two bones -This is the shortening of the muscle. |
| Define the term 'extension' | -Increasing the angle between two bones. -This is the lengthening of a muscle. |
| Define the term 'dorsiflexion'. | -Moving the top of the foot towards the shin (opposite of pointing your toes) |
| Define the term 'plantar flexion'. | -Moving the sole of the foot downwards (pointing your toes) |
| -Briefly describe the transverse plane. | -This is the plane that cuts directly across the waistline - any movement parallel to the waistline occurs in the transverse plane and is otherwise known as rotational movement. |
| Name all the possible movements that can occur in the transverse plane. | -Rotation -Pronation -Supination |
| Define the term 'rotation' | -This is inward or outward turning about the vertical axis of a bone. |
| Define the term 'pronation'. | -Downwards movement of the palm from the anatomical position (wrist rotates to face up) |
| Define the term 'supination' | -Upwards movement of the palm from the anatomical position (wrist rotates to face upwards) |
| Define the term 'circumduction'. | -Movement of a limb in a circular motion around a fixed joint. |
| What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system? | 1) Provide shape 2) Provide support 3) Provide movement 4) Provides protection 5) Blood cell production and storages of fats and minerals |
| Name a structural characteristic of long bones - name examples of these types of bones. | -Have a main shaft -Femur -Humerus -Phalanges |
| What is the function of long bones? | -Act as levers - help to provide movement |
| Name a structural characteristic of short bones - name examples of these types of bones. | -No visible shaft Examples -Tarsals -Carpals |
| What is the function of short bones? | -Help to provide strength and support |
| Name a structural characteristic of flat bones - name examples of these types of bones. | -Cover a large area Examples -Cranium |
| What is the function of flat bones? | -They help to provide protection, and act as a point for the attachment of muscles. |
| Name a structural characteristic of irregular bones - name examples of these types of bones. | -Irregular in shape Examples -Vertebrae |
| What is the function of irregular bones? | -Assist with support and help to provide shape. |
| What is a joint? | -A joint is a coming together of two or more different bones. |
| Define the term 'articulation'. | -This is when a specific joint allows movement - e.g hinge joint. |
| What are the three main types of joints? Name examples for each one. | 1) Fixed joint i.e immovable - e.g cranium 2) Slightly movable joint - e.g vertebrae 3) Movable joint/synovial joint (has a synovial capsule) |
| Name at least 6 synovial joints. | 1) Hinge 2) Pivot 3) Ball and socket 4) Saddle 5) Condyloid 6) Gliding |
| What is a tendon? Give an example. | A tendon is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone e.g achilles tendon. |
| What is the function of a tendon? | -They help to move the bone/structure. |
| What is a ligament? | A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to bone e.g anterior cruciate ligament. |
| What is the function of a ligament? | -they help to hold structures together and keep them stable. |
| List four adaptations that occur to bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments as a result of training. | -Bones - Increase in strength and density Cartilage - Hyaline cartilage thickens which aids the cushioning of joints. Tendons - Tendons thicken and can withstand greater force. Ligaments - Ligaments stretch slightly to enable a greater range of movement at the joint. |
| Describe the structure and function of skeletal muscle. | -connected to ends of bones and allows movement -in control of voluntary movement -cylindrical in shape -striated |
| Describe the structure and function of cardiac muscle. | -called myocardium -found only in the heart -involuntary (movement is not conscious) -striated |
| Describe the structure and function of smooth muscle. | -found in the internal organs such as arteries, stomach, and bowel -movement is involuntary -unstriated - |
| How is food pushed through the intestines? | -when the visceral muscle in the stomach contracts, it pushes the food along. |
| All skeletal muscles are attached to bones at their origins and their insertions by a white fibrous tissue called tendons. During movement, what stays fixed and what moves? | -Origins stay fixed -Insertions move |
| Define the term 'antagonistic pair', giving an example. | -These are skeletal muscle that work together to provide movement e.g when a muscle contracts and shortens (bicep brachii) the opposite muscle (tricep brachii) works in the opposite way by relaxing and lengthening to allow the movement |
| Define the term 'agonist' | -A muscle that is directly involved in the production of a movement at a joint |
| Define the term 'antagonist'. | -A muscle that opposes an agonist for a given movement and prevent overstretching of the agonist. |
| Define the term 'synergist' | -This is an agonist that is not directly responsible for the movement at a joint, but assists it in some way (e.g brachialis - muscle assisting the bicep brachii during flexion) |
| Define the term 'fixator'. | -Fixator muscles are stabilizer muscles that act to eliminate unwanted movement of an agonists origin e.g (rhomboid major |
| What are isotonic contractions? Name the two different types. | -these are any muscle contractions that causes the muscle to change in length as it contracts and causes movement at a joint. The two types are: -isotonic concentric -isotonic eccentric |
| What is an isotonic concentric contraction? Give an example. | -This is shortening of the muscle - insertion moves towards the origin, angle of joint decreases. -An example of this would be a bicep curl - bicep brachii is contracting concentrically during the upward phase |
| What is an isotonic eccentric contraction? | -This is the lengthening of a muscle under tension - muscle elongates, insertion moves away from the origin, angle of joint increases. E.g triceps brachii eccentrically contracts during the upward phase of a bicep curl |
| What is an isometric contraction? Give 2 examples. | -This is when there is no shortening, lengthening, moving of the muscle but the muscles are still contracting. The muscles stay static. E.g ski sit, 100m sprint start, scrum |
| What is an isokinetic contraction? Give an example. | -Isokinetic contractions produce movement at a constant speed. These contractions are the same as isotonic but is repeated at the same pace e.g breast stroke during swimming, while the water produces the same resistance. |
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