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Question	Answer
What are some of the greatest threats to biodiversity?	Alteration/Loss of Habitat Introduction of Non-native Spp Over-harvest
A plant is non-native if	It wasn't found in the area before European settlement.
A naturalized plant	is non-native and reproduces on its' own.
What are some ways non-native species are introduced?	Human introduction Natural Phenomena (Storms, etc.)
An endemic species	occurs natively in only one area, and lives in a limited range.
Are all non-native species also naturalized or invasive?	Non-native species aren't necessarily naturalized or invasive if they don't reproduce after introduction. Most non-natives are this way.
What portion of wild plants in the US are naturalized non-natives?	~25%
Problems that can be caused by invasive species: (For example, Autumn Olive- Eleagnus umbellata)	Heavy fruit production Wide dispersal Competitive vs Natives Suppresses other native species *plant cover Adversely impact nutrient cycles
Plant Cover is	The relative area covered by different plant species.
Why is plant cover important?	Protection from predators and the elements, and for nesting.
Name some advantages to native plants	-Adaptation to local ecosystems' abiotic and biotic factors -Prevent homogenization -Useful for wildlife (food, cover, proper seed dispersal, etc.) -Co-evolution
Why does all other life depend on plants?	Plants produce bio-available energy from sunlight.
Structure of native plants is important because	animals use a particular structure for cover or nests in addition to food sources.
What structure does the Yellow Warbler (Setophaga petechia) nest in?	Vertical crotches with 3 or more small, spreading branches.
What structure do Red-Eyed Vireos (Vireo olivaceus) nest in?	A horizontal "Y" in smaller branches
What structure do cedar waxwings use to nest?	Large, horizontal branches or limbs.
What do Red-winged Blackbirds normally use for nests?	Cattails
When Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) invades cattail stands, why do nests fail more often for RWBB's?	Predation rates increase because Purple Loosestrife is easier to navigate through.
How could the invasion of Purple Loosestrife impact the nesting of other species, such as the Marsh Wren (Cistothorus palustris)?	It could impact the timing for nesting birds, even preventing viable nesting entirely.
Why do non-native species succeed if they're not superior to the native competition?	No natural enemies Hybridization with native subspecies
Bryophytes are	non-vascular plants, like liverworts or mosses.
SVP's are	Seedless Vascular Plants, like ferns.
Gemnosperms are	vascular, non-flowering seed plants.
Angiosperms are	vascular, flowering seed plants.
List the four major plant groups in phylogenetic order (oldest to newest)	-Bryophytes -Seedless Vascular Plants (SVP's) -Gemnosperms -Angiosperms
Phylogeny of the Angiosperms includes:	Basal families, the magnoliid complex, monocots, and eudicots.
Name characteristics of Monocots.	-Petals in multiples of 3 -Parallel leaf veins -One pore per pollen -Dispersed vascular tissue -One cotyledon, or embryonic leaf
Name characteristics of Eudicots?	-Petals in multiples of 4 or 5 -Reticulate (netlike) leaf veins -3 pores per pollen -Vascular tissue occurs in a ring -2 cotyledons, or embryonic leaves
Habit	Growth form of a plant. Can be Woody or Herbaceous, though some include Vines/Liannas as a separate habit.
Distinguish between the 3 Life Histories	Annual: lives for 1 growing season Biennial: lives for 2 growing seasons Perennial: lives for 3 or more growing seasons
Difference between opposite and alternate phyllotaxy (leaf arrangement)	Opposite = 2 leaves/node Alternate = 1 leaf/node, usually helical.
Decussate	Type of opposite phyllotaxy where each pair of leaves is at a right angle to the pair below.
Distichous	Form of alternate phyllotaxy where the leaf is on the exact opposite side of the stem as the ones above and below. 2-ranked.
Whorled phyllotaxy	3 or more leaves per node, often spiral shaped.
Node	origin of a leaf from the stem
Leaf Blade	Flat part of the leaf, sometimes called lamina
Petiole	Stalk of the leaf. Sessile=no petiole.
Stipules	Triangular, leaf-like structures at the base of some petioles. Some species don't have these.
Difference between simple and compound leaves	Simple leaves have one blade, with an axillary bud at the base. Compound leaves have multiple leaflets which have no axillary bud. Instead, the axillary bud is at the base of the structure.
Define the Leaf Margins	Smooth Toothed Lobed Dissected
Difference between Pinnate and Palmate compound leaves?	Palmate leaves are radial, pinnate leaves are linear.
How do you determine whether a leaf is 1x, 2x, or 3x compound?	Start at the base of the leaf, turning at each sub branch. Stop when you reach a leaflet. The number of turns how many times the leaf is compounded.
What is a leaf sheath? And what group are they common in?	The base of the leaf blade, which wraps around the stem but doesn't fuse to it. Common in graminoids and other monocots.
Leaf Scars are	Impressions on the node of a stem where the petiole of a leaf used to connect. You can often see bundles of vascular tissue here.
Flowers are made of	Modified leaves.
Peduncle	Stalk that holds the receptacle the flower sits in.
Sepals	Green, leafy whorl that forms the Calyx.
Petals	Showy modified leaves that sit above the sepals, forming the Corolla
Ovary	Contains the ovule, or embryo. Sits on the receptacle, either above or below the petals.
Style	Stalk leading up from the ovary.
Stigma	Pollen collecting tip of the stigma.
Filament	Stalk that leads from the receptacle to the anther.
Anther	Pollen producing structure of the flower, located on the tip of the filament.
Carpel	Female reproductive structure housing the ovary, stigma, and style.
Perianth	Structure that includes petals and sepals (corolla and calyx)
Stamen	Structure including the Filament and the pollen producing Anther
What's the difference between Animal pollinated flowers, and wind pollinated flowers?	Animal pollinated flowers are showy, and produce nectar. Wind pollinated flowers aren't showy, with reduced petals. They produce large amounts of pollen, and have feathery stigma to catch it.
Inflorescence are	Clusters of flowers from the same peduncle.
Pedicel	Stalk to a single flower on the inflorescence.
Panicle	Image: Panicle (binary/octet-stream)
Spike	Image: Spike (binary/octet-stream)
Raceme	Image: Raceme (binary/octet-stream)
Corymb	Image: Corymb (binary/octet-stream)
Umbel (simple)	Image: Umbel (binary/octet-stream)
Umbel (compound)	Image: Compound Umbel (binary/octet-stream)
Head	Image: Head (binary/octet-stream)
Catkin	Image: Catkin (binary/octet-stream)
Why are seeds considered fattening foods to humans?	They're full of lipids that support growth of an embryo.
What is the purpose of a fruit?	It's a mechanism for seed dispersal
Name the layers of a fruit	Exocarp (skin) Mesocarp (fleshy midsection) Endocarp (encloses the seed) Pericarp (all the layers together)
Fruit from a single carpel, or multiple fused carpels:	Simple
Fruit from a single flower with multiple, separate carpels:	Aggregate
More than one flowers that make a fused fruit:	Multiple
Floral parts other than the ovary contribute to fruit production in:	Accessory fruits
Nitrogen fixation	Makes atmospheric N2 bioavailable
Why is Nitrogen important to life?	It's a main component to biological molecules like nucleic acids, or proteins.
What plant process "Fixes" carbon atoms from CO2 to make organic molecules?	Photosynthesis (specifically the Calvin cycle)
Taxonomic ranks in order	Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Genus, Species
What group isn't commonly identified by taxonomic nomenclature?	Birds, because we have standardized their common names.

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Native Plants for Wildlife MSU Quiz 1

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	Created by Wes Smalley almost 6 years ago